STAGES OF NATIONALISM

Secularization Movement (1861 - 1872) - PHASE 1

Objective: to get back parishes & repeal the royal order of 1861

PHASE 1 - led by Fr. Mariano Gomez and Fr. Pedro Pelaez

• FIRST PERIOD: 

• GOAL - Return parishes to secular priests

• GOAL - Reform the churches

• GOAL - Provide good training for filipino seculars

  • HOW? - write to the king  & hire a lawyer

Secularization Movement (1861 - 1872) - PHASE 2

PHASE 2 - led by Fr. Jose Brugos (1864)

• SECOND PERIOD:

  • Answered attacks made to the filipino clergy (accusations: filipinos were not loyal to the church)

  • GOAL - National Interest & Racial Equality

Manifestó que a la noble Nación Española dirigen Los leales Filipinos (Manifesto addressed by the loyal Filipinos to the noble Spanish Nation)

• Used the word “Filipino” for the first time (as a race) 

• Emphasized Filipinos loyalty to the church

Secularization Movement (1861 - 1872) - PHASE 2 - CAVITE MUTINY

• CAVITE MUTINY (JANUARY 20, 1872) - military uprising

  • Workers of the cavite shipyard were dissatisfied being exempted from the tribute and polo removed by Rafael Izquierdo (1871) 

  • Formed Comite de Reformadores - campaigned for equality in law and for civil and political rights

  • They were caught and the exile of GOMBURZA occurred as Fr. Burgos was one of the leaders of the reform group

    • Executed through garrote - February 17, 1872

  • 1872 - birthday of nationalism

Reform/Propaganda Movement

• When - 1880’s

• Where - Spain

• HOW? - Political writings & artistics works

• GOAL - Assimilation 

  • Extend peninsular laws 

  • Equality between spaniards and Filipinos

  • Democratic rights & proper government

  • Philippines - a province of Spain

  • Filipino representation

  • Expulsion of Friars and move forward with secularization

Reform/Propaganda Movement - AUDIENCE

• spanish government and educated Filipinos

• LA SOLIDARIDAD - organization lasting from 1880 to 1898 advocating for propaganda and reform

  • Hidalgo, Luna, Ponce, Panganiban, Del Pilar, Jaena, Sanciangco (HiLuPo PaDe JaSa)

Katipunan (1892-1897)

• Where - Tondo, Manila

• When - July 7, 1892

• HOW? 

  • Revolution

  • Political Writing

  • KKK Chapters

  • Women’s Chapter

  • Triangle Method

• Audience - Filipino Masses

GOAL OF KATIPUNAN

• GOAL - Independence & Separation

  • FOUNDING MEMBERS (AnDeTeo VaLaRo)

    • Andres Bonifacio

    • Deodato Arellano

    • Teodoro Plata

    • Valentin Diaz

    • Ladislao Diwa

    • Roman Basa

KKK FLAGS

KKK’s First Flag - Red flag with the acronyms in white

KKK Bonifacio's Flag - Sun above with the acronyms at the bottom

KKK Magdiwang - White sun with the baybayin Ka in the middle

• Mariano Alvarez, Artemio Ricarte & Santiago Alvarez

KKK Magdalo - Sun with 8 rays and the baybayin Ka in the middle

• Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, Emilio Aguinaldo and Carlos Ronquillo

REVOLUTION PHASE 1 - SPAIN vs. PHILIPPINES (1896)

1. August 23, 1896 - Cry of Pugad Lawin

2. Attack of Manila Patiño snitched their secrets of the KKK to Fr. Mariano Gil

3. Reign of terror implemented by GG. Ramon Blanco declaring martial law in MaLaCaPa TaBaBuNu

4. Shift of Revolution in Cavite

   1. MAGDIWANG (led by Mariano Alvarez) 

   2. MAGDALO  (led by Baldomero Aguinaldo) - controlled Imus and Kawit

5. Tejeros Convention. First election of the president and Vice President. Aguinaldo as President

6. Bonifacio (Supremo) Annulling the results of the election. He felt offended that Tirona questioned his abilities.

7. Arrest of Bonifacio Brothers. Naic Military declaring all military forces to be under Pio del Pilar or face treason.

8. Trial of Bonifacio. Bonifacio was killed in the Mountain of Maragondon.

9. Aguinaldo Government retreating to Biak na Bato. Truce made between Pres. Aguinaldo and Gov. Primo De Rivera with Paterno being the mediator. Where they will grant self-rule in the Philippines within 3 years after Aguinaldo moves to Hong Kong and surrenders his arms. 

10. Aguinaldo’s Exile in Hong Kong. he met american consuls asking to renew the war and aguinaldo returned May 1898 

REVOLUTION PHASE 2 - USA vs. SPAIN

• GOAL: Defense of the Philippine Republic against American Imperialism

• Battle of Manila Bay. Defeat of Spanish Fleet led by Montojo against American Navy led by Dewey. Treaty of Paris selling the Philippines to the Americans. 

• Return of Aguinaldo. He declared their independence on June 12, 1898 at Kawit Cavite. 

• Mock Battle of Manila. August 13, 1898 American forces bombarded Fort San Antonio in Malater, and at 10:25am the white flag was raised and Americans raised their flags and Spanish flags were hauled.

  • Protocol of Peace: Americans will govern Manila bay before a conclusion for the Treaty of Peace has happened.

• Treaty of Paris. Where Mckinley decided to acquire the entire archipelago with the reason that “Filipinos cannot govern themselves”, & interdependence of the other islands. Signed December 10, 1898.

  • US will pay Spain $20M within three months after ratification of the treaty

  • VIOLATED PHILIPPINE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: to which felipe agoncillio argued but was ignored

• Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation. December 21, 1898

  • Americans are not invaders or conquerors but friends. 

  • Protect Natives

  • Confirmation of all the natives private rights

PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (1899-1902)

• CONVENTIONAL PHASE (FEB TO NOV 1899)

• GUERIlLA PHASE (NOV 1899 TO 1902)

PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (GOVT. WARS)

• Mckinley vs. Aguinaldo Government

  • Aguinaldo inaugurated the First Philippine Republic at Malolos on January 23, 1899.

  • (American Forces led by Wesley Merit & Elwell Otis; Philippine Revolutionary Army led by Gen. Antonio Luna)

  • Aguinaldo was arrested in Isabela and took his oath to the United States. (Luna was killed by the Kawit Brigade led by Janolino; Aguinaldo’s Ally - June 5, 1899; Plaza Lucero in Cabanatuan)

  • Apolinario Mabini was then exiled in Guam after Aguinaldo’s surrender

  • Aguinaldo and his government’s fall to the americans. Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan Isabela by Frederick Funston.

PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (FIRED SHOT)

• The Filipino American War started in Calle Sociego Sta. Mesa

  • Private William Grayson fired the shot starting the war

PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (MASSACRES)

• Balangiga Massacre in Samar (1901) - Company C was massacred by the Bolo Tribesmen in Samar September 28. 

  • As revenge the Americans led by Jacob Smith  

• Battle of Budajo (1906) led by John Pershing in Jolo Sulu who burnt the “bayans” for four days.

  • Pro-American Filipinos - Macabebe Scouts