ATP +basics 5.1

1. ATP 

2. ADP

what is the reversible reaction between ADP and ATP

what enzyme helps to catalyse the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP +Pi and what’s its other name 

ATPase enzyme other name is stalked particles 

define OILRIG

Oxidation

Is 

Loss 

Reduction 

Is 

Gain 

of electrons 

why is ATP better than glucose as an energy store

1. its very soluble so the energy it contains can be released easily and quickly over

2. They store less energy individually but as these small packets of easily-released energy are more useful to cells and can be used to do simple common jobs, as the next paragraph shows. An analogy would be that small change (ATP) is often more useful than large bank notes (glucose).

3. over 30 ATP can be synthesised from one glucose molecule 

what is ATP used for

The processes in a cell that require energy can be put into three groups:

•     Muscle contraction and other forms of movement, such as cilia, flagella, cytoplasmic streaming, etc. Each step of the muscle crossbridge cycle costs one ATP molecule.

•     Active transport. Each shape change in an active transport protein pump costs one ATP molecule.

•     Biosynthesis– building up large molecules from smaller ones, e.g. protein synthesis, DNA replication, starch synthesis, etc. Each monomer added to a growing polymer chain costs one ATP molecule.

define metabolism

the thousands of chemical reactions taking place in a cell

define metabolites 

These are the intermediates in a metabolic pathway 

1. outer membrane

2. inner membrane

3. crista

4. matrix

5. stalked particles ( ATP synthase)

6. ribosomes 

7. DNA

what are the 4 stages of respiration and where do they take place  and are they anaerobic or aerobic

1. glycolysis (cytoplasm) anaerobic

2.  Krebs cycle (mitochondria) aerobic

3. electron transport chain ( in mitochondria) aerobic

4. oxidative phosphorylation (inner mitochondrial membrane) aerobic/ electron transport chain 

why is it beneficial to have the different stages occur in different areas

This compartmentation allows the cell to keep the various metabolites separate, and to control the stages more easily. 

ATPase Vs ATP synthase

ATPase and ATP synthase are both enzymes that involve ATP, but they have opposite functions: ATPase hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and phosphate, releasing energy for cellular work, while ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and phosphate, using energy from a proton gradient

define decarboxylation

Decarboxylation is the removal of a carbon atom from a molecule in the form of carbon dioxide (CO₂).

hydrogen acceptor

receives a hydrogen and is reduced

dehydrogenase

enzymes that remove hydrogen

Dehydrogenases are enzymes that catalyse the removal of hydrogen atoms (H⁺ + e⁻) from a substrate eg GP being oxides loosing a hydrogen .

• In biological systems, these hydrogens are usually accepted by coenzymes such as NAD⁺ or FAD.

cytochrome 

member of the ETC they are proteins which pigmented with an iron group 

cytochrome oxidase

an enzyme which receives e from the cytochromes they become reduced and cytochromes are oxidised.