Kinetic Theory of Matter

Flashcards covering the Kinetic Theory of Matter and related phenomena.

What is matter made of according to the Kinetic Theory of Matter?

Tiny particles such as atoms, molecules, and ions that are continually moving and possess kinetic energy.

What are the three physical states of matter?

Solid, Liquid, and Gas.

What are the characteristics of matter in a solid state?

Molecules are very close together, movement is restricted, strong cohesive forces, definite volume, and not easily compressed.

What are the characteristics of matter in a liquid state?

It flows and takes the shape of its container, with less restricted movement of molecules than in the solid-state.

What are the characteristics of matter in a gaseous state?

Particles have more kinetic energy than in the liquid state, molecules are the least restricted, and there is no definite shape.

What brings about a change of state in matter?

Heating and cooling.

What is the change of state from solid to liquid called?

Melting.

What is the change of state from liquid to gas called?

Vaporisation/evaporation.

What is the change of state from gas to liquid called?

Condensation.

What is the change of state from liquid to solid called?

Freezing.

What is the change of state from solid to gas called?

Sublimation.

What happens to the melting point of a solid if there is an impurity present?

The melting point of the solid will be lowered.

What happens to the boiling point of a liquid if there is an impurity present?

The boiling point of the liquid increases.

What are the characteristics of boiling?

Occurs at a specific temperature and throughout the liquid, bubbles are seen, and causes heating and an increase in the entropy of the system.

What are the characteristics of evaporation?

Occurs at all temperatures and at the surface of the liquid, bubbles are not seen, and causes cooling and a decrease in the entropy of the system.

What is vapour pressure?

The pressure exerted by vapour particles when they collide with one another and with the walls of the container.

What is saturated vapour pressure?

The point at which the vapour pressure stops rising and remains constant, when an equilibrium is established between liquid particles evaporating and vapour particles condensing.

What is Condensation?

Vapour loses some of its kinetic energy to the cooler body and changes into a liquid state.

What happens during freezing?

The temperature drops until it reaches the freezing point, at which point the liquid changes completely to solid.

What is latent heat of fusion?

The energy absorbed by the solid as it turns into liquid to weaken the cohesive forces during melting, and is not detectable by a thermometer.

What is latent heat of vapourisation?

The energy absorbed by a liquid as it turns into gas to overcome the cohesive force during boiling, and is not detectable by a thermometer.

What is melting point?

The temperature at which the solid and liquid co-exist.

What is boiling point?

The temperature at which liquid and gas co-exist.

What is Brownian movement?

The zig-zag, irregular motion exhibited by minute particles of matter when suspended in a fluid.

What is diffusion?

The movement of molecules of a substance from a region of higher concentration to that of lower concentration.

What is osmosis?

The movement of water molecules or other solvents from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

What is dialysis?

The process whereby crystalloids in a true solution pass through a permeable membrane.

What is the Tyndall Effect?

The scattering of light as a light beam passes through a colloid.