HESI A2 Anatomy & Physiology - 2024

The specialized junction from which nerve impulses pass from one neuron to the next is called a _______________________.

Synapse

Which type of bone has a diaphysis and two epiphyses?

Long bone

Which of the following correctly describes the function of luteinizing hormone?

It stimulates the production of testosterone in males

Which of the following statements is incorrect about estrogen?

It stimulates ovulation ( This is the luteinizing hormone job)

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Calcium binds to troponin and leads to the uncovering of the active site of actin.

Which structure controls the activity of the endocrine system?

Hypothalmus

The left atrium receives blood from the ______.

Pulmonary vein

Which is the most abundant nervous tissue?

Neuroglia

The tibia is _______ to the femur.

Distal

Which of the following organelles would you expect to find an abundance of in leukocytes?

Lysosomes

A patient with a lower than normal amount of thrombocytes could be at risk of ____________.

extensive bleeding

A sprain occurs when which of the following structures is stretched or torn?

Ligament

Which of the following glands secrete earwax?

Ceruminous

What is the function of endocrine glands?

They secrete hormones directly into the blood.

Which of the following occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?

Heart rate increases

Pupils dilate

Digestion slows down

Which bones form via intramembranous ossification?

The flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and clavicles

The carpals articulate with the distal ends of which two bones?

Radius and ulna

Which of the following best describes the function of the mitral valve?

Lets blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

Which type of connection do ligaments create?

Bone to Bone

Which of the four chambers of the heart has the thickest muscular wall?

Left ventricle

Which important minerals are stored within the skeletal system?

Calcium and phosphorous

Which type of tissue is most widely distributed throughout the body?

Connective tissue

In which of the following reproductive structures does the fertilization of an ovum occur?

Fallopian tube

Which of the following structures is part of the upper respiratory system?

Pharynx

Eccrine glands secrete a watery substance onto the surface of the skin to maintain temperature homeostasis through which process?

Evaporation

What, in addition to adenosine triphosphate, must be present for a muscle to contract?

Calcium

Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?

Stratum germinativum

A patient reveals to you that they were recently involved in a car accident that they believe resulted in a deviated septum. Which of the following bones may have been injured in the accident, resulting in the deviated septum?

vomer is a thin, vertical bone in the nose.

Which of the following describes cellular respiration?

It is an oxidative catabolic activity

Which structure in the epidermis is responsible for cooling the body to maintain temperature homeostasis?

Eccrine glands ( produces sweat )

Which system coordinates and regulates processes within the body through the use of hormones?

Endocrine system

What is one of the functions of the hypothalamus?

Regulate body temperature

Which of the following is the correct sequence of transport of filtrate from the nephrons to the renal pelvis?

Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal Convoluted Tubule - Collecting Duct - Minor Calyx - Major Calyx - Renal Pelvis

Which of the following features of veins results in the venous system operating at lower pressures than the arterial side?

Veins have thinner, more compliant vessel walls than arteries.

Which blood vessel delivers blood directly into the right atrium?

Vena cava

Which of the following terms describes the process of forming new red blood cells?

Erythropoiesis

Which of the following salivary glands primarily contributes to the production and secretion of saliva?

Submandibular glands

Which of the following gets absorbed directly into the blood?

Amino acids

Which glands release an oily secretion through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying?

Sebaceous glands

Which of the following makes up the largest component of whole blood?

Plasma

The pharynx is a conduit for air and food. It is divided into three segments which contain lymphoid structures that play significant roles in protection and defense. Which segment of the pharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsils?

nasopharynx

What form of tissue provides support and structure for the organs?

Connective

A tissue sample studied under a microscope exhibits the following characteristics: an extracellular matrix providing rigidity to the tissue, and the presence of lacunae. Which type of tissue is this?

Bone

Which of the following structures functions in directing sound waves into the ear?

Auricle

What is the outermost layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

The hormone __________ assists estrogen in stimulating the formation of the endometrium.

progesterone

Which of the following about the hyoid bone is correct?

It is the only bone that does not articulate with any other bone.

The right atrium receives blood from the __________.

vena cava

Wrist bones are called which of the following?

carpals

Reabsorption of water and electrolytes occur in various parts of the renal tubules. In which segment is sodium mostly reabsorbed?

Proximal Convoluted Tubules

What connects skin to superficial muscles?

Hypodermis

The tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi is called ____________.

Trachea

Which muscle is located towards the front of the lower leg?

Tibialis anterior

Skeletal muscle work in pairs. The muscle that executes the given movement is called which of the following?

Prime mover

Which of the following is not a function of cortisol?

Release growth hormones

An irregular epiphysis at each end is present in which of the following?

Long bone

Which vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?

Sacral vertebrae

Which gland releases melatonin?

Pineal gland

Stratum basale and stratum spinosum are included in which layer of the epidermis?

Stratum germinativum

The _________________ carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart, while the ________________ carry oxygen-depleted blood back towards the heart.

arteries; veins

The study of the microscopic structure of tissues is called _________.

Histology

Which of the following represents the correct order of organization from the simplest to the most complex?

Cell-tissue-organ-system-organism

A(n)________ is a group of tissues working together to perform a similar function.

Organ

Which of the following organelles is responsible for lipid synthesis?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes are synthesized in the ______.

Nucleolus

Mitochondria is to energy production as ribosome is to __________.

Protein synthesis

What is the function of the lysosome?

Digestion of cellular debris

Which kind of tissue covers the body and lines cavities?

Epithelial

Which tissue has multinucleated striated cylindrical fibers and moves the body under voluntary control?

Skeletal muscles

Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue?

Support, Epithelial tissues do not provide support. Support comes from connective tissues.

Which of the following describes the function of excitable nervous tissue?

It responds to stimulus by initiating an impulse.

Which of the following is not associated with muscle tissue?

Binding structures together

Which tissue stores nutrients?

Connective tissue

Protection is the primary function of __________epithelium.

Stratified squamous

Under a microscope, a sample shows branched, striated fibers that have a single nucleus. The fibers are joined at intercalated discs. What was the most likely source of this tissue?

Heart

A tissue sample showed a single layer of tightly packed flattened cells on a basement membrane. What kind of tissue is this?

Simple squamous

Which tissue has chondrocytes in nests with surrounding solid matrix?

Hyaline cartilage

Which cell is rectangular with a height greater than its width and nucleus located near its basal layer?

Columnar cell

Which of the following statements about the skin is correct?

The dermis is deep and has 2 layers

Which of the following is not found in the epidermis?

Blood vessels

The layer of skin that contains a high number of blood vessels, as well as elastic and collagen fibers is the ____________.

Dermis

Which of the following is found in the dermis?

sensory receptors, nerves, sweat glands, hair, sebaceous glands and lymphatic vessels.

Which of the following correctly describes the functions of the epidermis?

Physical barrier, biological barrier and waterproofing

Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial layer?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Which layer of the epidermis contains flattened polygonal cells?

Stratum granulosum

Which part of the skin contains melanocytes?

basal layer aka stratum germinativum

The dark pigment which protects us from UV rays is___________.

Melanin

What connects the skin to the superficial muscles?

Hypodermis

Which of the following statements concerning eccrine sweat glands is incorrect?

They are found in auditory canal

Apocrine sweat glands____________.

become active during puberty

What is the function of the ceruminous gland?

To protect the outer ear

Sebaceous glands are absent in the __________.

Palms

A doctor examining whether a mole has transformed into a melanoma checks for the following:

Asymmetry, border, color, diameter and evolution

People with albinism are prone to skin cancer because ___________.

they lack melanin

Which part of the body is likely to have a thin layer of stratum corneum?

Eyelid..... The palms, soles of the feet, and knees have thick layers of stratum corneum.

Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?

Protection

Which of the following includes some of the functions of the skeletal system?

Support, Movement, Haematopoiesis ( blood cell production), Mineral storage, Fat storage

A tendon connects

muscle to a bone.

A ligament connects

bone to a bone

A joint is where

two bones meet