AHS Exam 2

Health Disparities

differences in health that are unavoidable and unjust

Vulnerable Population

Minority Groups , Women, Children, Older Adults, Rural Communities, Uninsured, Homelessness , Mental illness, chronic disease, people with disabilities

Key Factors about Minority Groups

• less access to care

• Higher rates of morality

• Poorer quality of care received

  basic POC Individuals

Key factors with women and children

Women - poorer health outcomes, higher prevalence of health problems, more likely to delay care, develop more acute and chronic illness

Children - experience developmental vulnerability, depend on others to get treatment, more likely to be a victim of alcohol abuse, family violence, emotional disorders

WIC

Kay factors with older adults

• 20% of us population will be elderly by 2023

• More susceptible to multiple health problems

• Negative attitude toward elder care

• Not enough trained professionals to help them

Key factors will rural communities

• poverty common

• Poor access to care Higher rates

• 10% physicians live in — rural communities

• Geographic location

Reducing health disparities- policy changes

create policies to improve overall social and economic well being of individuals and families

Ex - maternity leave

Reducing health disparities- ACA provisions and public sector initiatives

expected to reduce disparities by investing in prevention and wellness

Community based Interventions

Address disparities using a local approach - smoke free campus, work place wellness, free condoms

Health care interventions

reduce disparities across groups

Value based care - quality over quantity

Individual intervention

• our decisions and behaviors play vital role in our health

• Altering behaviors that influence health ( stop smoking, encourage exercise )

Chronic Illness and Aging

6 of 10 Americans have one

Mental illness in Americans

1 of 5 experience mental illness

Preventive Care in Adults

Only half of Americans receive the recommended preventative services

Explain the difference between health equity and equality

Health equality is giving everyone the same resources

Heath equity giving people what they need t0 achieve the levels same levels of success

Health industry Stats

Larger employer of the nation

Employs 11.9 % of nations labor force

Continues to grow

Physician Md and Do

Central role - evaluating a patients health condition, diagnosing abnormalities, and prescribing tx (treatment)

MD - Specialist

DO - Generalist

MD VS DO

DO - holistic approach, emphasizing musculoskeletal system

MD - allopathic medicine specialist , provide TX

Dentist

Main Role- diagnose and treat problems related to teeth, gums , and tissues of the mouth

Emerging Health Care Challenges

Technology addiction , loneliness epidemic , climate change

Pharmacist

Dispense medicines prescribed by physicians, dentist, and podiatrist and to provide consultation on the proper selection and use of medicines

Most are generalist

Optometrist

provide vision care ( examination) diagnosis and the correction of vision problems

Most work in solo or group practices

PA And NPP

PAs

• work under the supervision of physicians ‘

NPP ( non physician practitioners)

• they don’t attend medical school

Both because of physician shortage they handle a lot of physical duties

Occupational Therapy

Help people improve their ability to perform task in their daily living and work environments

Speech Language Pathologist (SLP)

Diagnose and treat patients with speech, language, swallowing, cognitive, and voice problems

Public Health Professional

• focus on the whole community rather than an individual

Community Health Care (CHW)

Play Important role in connecting public and primary care to their communities

Recreational Therapy

Improve the quality of life, emotional and physical well being of patients through the use of hobbies and leisure

Diagnostic Medical Sonography

Use sound wave to generate images to access and diagnose various medical conditions

Different types of nurses

RN - (registered nurse ) associates degree or bachelor of science in nursing

LPN ( licensed Practical Nurse) one year program

APN ( advanced practice nurse ) - nurses who have education and clinical experience beyond those required of an RN { CNS clinical nurse specialist, CRNA certified registered nurse anesthetist, NP Nurse practitioner, CNM Certified nurse midwife

Multidisciplinary Teams

Composed of health workers professional from a lot of different health care professionals who work together to make treatment decisions

Models of Care Delivery that are gaining popularity

• Value Based Care, Virtual Care, Technology Driven Home Visit , Step Down Providers

• Patient centered care - respectful to a patients wishes

• Precision Medicine- considers a patients environment, lifestyle, and family history in addition to their genetic makeup

Current Issues Health Care Workers Face

burnout, staffing shortages, high turnover rates, training needed in geriatrics, racially and culturally diverse, high cost, workplace safety

Physician Critical Issues

Staff shortages- growth of the insured population and aging population

Geographical maldistribution - more physicians work in the suburban areas

Speciality Maldistribution - way more specialist than general 63% to 37%

Major Health Risk Factors

element of personal behavior that leads to an increased risk developing one or more diseases

Most Americans (90%) have at least one risk factor

Over 50% report having 2+

Health Risk - Tobacco and Diet

Leading cause for preventative cause of death in the U.S 12.5 adults smoke cigarettes

Standard American diet is ultra processed foods 73.6 Americans are obese

Health Risk - Physical Inactivity and Alcohol Abuse

Physical Inactivity- 23% adults meets the requirement of 150 minutes of activity per week Americans sit 10+ hours a day

Alcohol Abuse - binge drinking 60% of binge drinking rates among college students

Health Risk - Sleep deficiency

35% get less than 7 hours of sleep

Exposure to technology and blue light suppress melatonin

Keys Level of Prevention - Tertiary

Affects individuals by preventing or lessening negative impact

Example - self management classes

Keys levels of Prevention - Secondary

Affects individuals by detecting condition or needs

Example - test screening

keys levels of prevention - primary

Affects at risk population or environments by preventing problems avoid disease and illness before they occur

Example Vaccines

Individual Levels Of intervention

We have a say in the activities we partake in

Examples health education and awareness campaign, behavioral counseling/ clinical intervention, technology based intervention, preventative health services

Community Level Interventions

Communities are dedicated to the health and wellness of their residents

Examples - community health programs, workplace wellness programs, school based health promotion

Population Wide Intervention

Policies created and implemented with the purpose of improving the health and well being of all residents

Examples - healthcare policy and insurance coverage

Food deserts

Areas with limited access to affordable food

value based care

payment model that prefers quality over quantity

Reducing bias in health care

Diversity in your team, and be culturally competent, recognize biases you might have against cultures

Better ways to deliver care to patients that speak different language

Avoid using technical jargon, avoid acronyms, use pictures

Medical vs Dental Insurance

These two insurances are different from each other