psych unit 4 study guide (developmental psychology)

Muscular strength

________, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac output begin to decline in the mid- twenties and continue to decline throughout adulthood.

Gender identity

________ occurs when the child identifies with the same- sex parent.

Erikson

________ believed that adolescent identity formation is followed in young adulthood by a developing capacity for intimacy.

Intersex individuals

________ are born with intermediate or unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy.

Teratogens

________ are potentially harmful agents (such as viruses or drugs) that can pass through the placental screen and harm the developing embryo or fetus, as happens with fetal alcohol syndrome.

Sexual behaviors attitudes

________ vary from culture to culture and era to era.

Gender

________ refers to the socially and culturally constructed expectations about what it means to be a boy, girl, man, or woman.

male female perception

Differences in ________, compensation, and family responsibility both influence and reflect workplace gender bias.

life cycle

The ________ begins at conception, when one sperm cell unites with an egg to form a zygote.

Adults

________ do not progress through an orderly sequence of age- related social stages.

Self concept

________, an understanding and evaluation of who we are, emerges gradually.

Gender typing

________ is a result of interpretation, evaluation, and internalization of socially transmitted standards that are reinforced by society.

Naturists

________ argued for genetically predetermined signals of maturation and for the existence of critical periods shortly after birth.

theory proposes

Social learning ________ that we learn gender identity- our personal sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two- as we learn other things: through reinforcement, punishment, and observation.

Piaget

________ proposed the concepts of assimilation and accommodation to explain how we use and adjust our schemas.

Infants

________ form attachments not simply because parents gratify biological needs but, more important, because they are comfortable, familiar, and responsive.

Jean Piaget

In his theory of cognitive development, ________ proposed that children actively construct and modify their understanding of the world through the processes of assimilation and accommodation.

social interactions

Babies are born with sensory equipment and reflexes that facilitate their survival and their ________ with adults.

High intelligence

________, religious engagement, father presence, and participation in service learning programs have been predictors of teen sexual restraint.

Lawrence Kohlberg

________ proposed a stage theory of moral reasoning, from a preconventional morality of self- interest to a conventional morality concerned with upholding laws and social rules, to (in some people) a postconventional morality of universal ethical principles.

Developmental psychologists

________ study physical, mental, and social changes throughout the life span.

Adult relationships

________ seem to reflect the attachment styles of early childhood, lending support to Erik Eriksons idea that basic trust is formed in infancy by our experiences with our responsive caregivers.

Adolescence

________ is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to social independence.

Extreme trauma

________ in childhood may alter the brain, affecting our stress responses or leaving epigenetic marks.

heredity

The brains nerve cells are sculpted by ________ and experience.

Developmental researchers

________ study age- related changes (such as memory) with cross- sectional studies (comparing people of different ages) and longitudinal studies (retesting the same people over a period of years)

Ducks

________ and other animals have a more rigid attachment process, called imprinting, that occurs during a critical period.

prenatal months

During the 4th and 5th ________, sex hormones bathe the fetal brain.

STIs

Condoms, while offering limited protection against skin- to- skin ________, are especially effective in preventing transmission of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

Transgender peoples

________ gender identity differs from the behaviors or traits considered typical for their biological sex.

Neurocognitive disorders

________ (NCDs), formerly called dementia in older adults, are marked by cognitive deficits.

Sex

________ is the genetic aspect of being male or female, while gender is a social construct.

prenatal stage

The ________ ends at the moment of birth.

Sexual orientation

________ is an enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of ones own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual)

Social identity

________ is the part of self- concept that comes from a persons group memberships.

Authoritarian parenting

________ is associated with lower self- esteem, less social skill, and a brain that overreacts to mistakes.

effects of nurture

Personality, however, is mostly not attributable to the ________.

Attachment

________ has been studied in strange situation experiments, which show that some children are securely ________ and others are insecurely ________.

Gender roles

________, the behaviors a culture expects from its men and women, vary across place and time.

Authoritative parenting

________ is associated with greater self- esteem, self- reliance, self- regulation, and social competence.

social clock

The ________ is a cultures preferred timing for social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

brains association areas

The ________ (linked with memory, thinking and language) were the last cortical areas to develop, causing mental abilities to surge.

Assimilation

________ is when we interpret situations in terms of our current schemas; accommodation is when we adjust our schemas to include information provided by new experiences.

Autism spectrum disorder

________ (ASD) is a disorder marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors.

Terminal decline

________ "describes the cognitive decline in the final few years of life.

cross-sectional design

subjects from different age groups are studied at the same point in time

cohort comparison

similar to cross-sectional in that the subjects are studied at one point in their development, but they are not studied at the same time (will only follow one age group, thus the cohort effect does not apply)

longitudinal design

one group of subjects is repeatedly studied over a long period of time; can control better than cross-sectional designs but are very expensive and time-consuming and can be affected by subject attrition (loss of participants over time)

Infancy

trust vs. mistrust

Toddlerhood

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Preschool

initiative vs. guilt

Elementary

competence vs. inferiority

Adolescence

identity vs. role confusion

Young adulthood

intimacy vs isolation

Middle adulthood

generativity vs. stagnation

Late adulthood

integrity vs. despair