Reading 19-1 S2

Pirates (n.)

people who rob ships at sea; 海盗

Raid ships (phr.)

to attack and steal from ships; 袭击船只

Prowl the sea (phr.)

to move secretly over the sea in search of something; 在海上潜行寻找目标

Swashbucklers (n.)

daring adventurers, especially pirates; 冒险家，海盗

Daredevils (n.)

people who take bold and risky actions; 冒险者

Adventurers (n.)

people who seek excitement and new experiences; 冒险家

Vital trade routes (n.)

important paths used for commerce; 重要的贸易路线

Fleet (n.)

a group of ships; 舰队

Navigate (v.)

to find a way across the sea; 航行

Seafaring skills (n.)

abilities needed to travel by sea; 航海技能

Ocean-going caravels (n.)

fast, long-distance sailing ships; 远洋帆船

Rugged and hilly (adj.)

having rough terrain and many hills; 崎岖多丘陵的

Hide in coves (phr.)

to take shelter in small bays; 藏身于小海湾

Eradicate piracy (phr.)

to completely eliminate pirate activity; 根除海盗行为

Resort to pirates (phr.)

to turn to piracy as a last option; 诉诸于成为海盗

Retaliation (n.)

revenge or counterattack; 报复

Surrender (v.)

to give up or yield; 投降

Transform A into B (phr.)

to change A completely into B; 把A转变成B

Prepare the way for (phr.)

to make it easier for something to happen; 为...铺平道路

Boost the local economy (phr.)

to improve the financial health of an area; 促进当地经济发展

Safe harbours (n.)

sheltered ports safe from attack; 安全港口

In times of hardship (phr.)

during difficult periods; 在困难时期

Employ their skills (phr.)

to use one's abilities; 运用技能

Used in warfare (phr.)

utilized during war; 用于战争

Predate (v.)

to exist earlier than; 早于

Unchanged (adj.)

remaining the same; 未改变的

A system of (phr.)

an organized method or structure; 一套系统

Well-established (adj.)

firmly in place; 建立已久的

Powerful civilisation (n.)

a strong and advanced society; 强大的文明

Record of a named group (phr.)

documented mention of a known group; 有名团体的记录

Diplomatic correspondence (n.)

official letters between states; 外交信函

Pressing issues (n.)

urgent or important problems; 紧迫的问题

Regional commerce (n.)

trade within a specific area; 区域贸易

Disruption (n.)

interruption of normal activity; 干扰

Punish any of his subjects (phr.)

to discipline citizens for wrongdoings; 惩罚任何臣民

Experience of piracy (phr.)

familiarity with pirate activities; 海盗活动经验

Land-based power (n.)

a government or force centered on land; 陆地势力

Relied on the Mediterranean (phr.)

depended on the Mediterranean Sea; 依赖地中海

Condone (v.)

to accept or allow bad behavior; 容忍，纵容

Glorify daring attacks (phr.)

to admire bold raids; 美化大胆袭击

Part of everyday life (phr.)

a normal and common occurrence; 日常生活的一部分

High-ranking members (n.)

important or senior officials; 高级成员

Official travel (phr.)

journeys made for government purposes; 官方出行

Take wealth onboard (phr.)

to carry riches on ships; 船上携带财富

Liberal approach (phr.)

a tolerant or flexible attitude; 宽容的做法

Curtail piracy (phr.)

to reduce or limit piracy; 限制海盗行为

Rising power (n.)

an emerging strong state or group; 崛起的力量

Steady source of slaves (phr.)

a continuous supply of enslaved people; 稳定的奴隶来源

Agriculture and mining industries (n.)

sectors related to farming and resource extraction; 农业和采矿业

Roman interests (n.)

concerns or priorities of the Roman Empire; 罗马的利益

Grain ships (n.)

vessels used to transport cereal crops; 运粮船

Demand punishment (phr.)

to ask for someone to be penalized; 要求惩罚

Emboldened pirates (phr.)

pirates made bolder or more confident; 被鼓舞的海盗

Ask for ransom (phr.)

to demand money for a hostage; 要求赎金

Prominent dignitaries (n.)

important or influential public figures; 显贵人士

Hostage (n.)

someone held captive for demands; 人质

Outlived their usefulness (phr.)

no longer needed or helpful; 失去作用

Time for concerted action (phr.)

a moment to take unified and planned steps; 是采取一致行动的时候

Mediterranean menace (n.)

pirate threat in the Mediterranean; 地中海的威胁

Assign a fleet and commander (phr.)

designate ships and a leader; 指派舰队和指挥官

Cleanse one district (phr.)

remove threats from an area; 清除一个地区的威胁

Join another (phr.)

to move or combine with a different group; 加入另一个（地区或组织）

Long-term solution (n.)

a lasting answer to a problem; 长期解决方案

Fertile areas (n.)

regions good for farming; 肥沃地区

Productive farmers (n.)

efficient agricultural workers; 高产农民

Boost the economy (phr.)

increase financial growth; 促进经济发展

Denial of involvement (phr.)

stating no connection to something; 否认参与

Eradicate piracy (phr.)

completely remove pirate activity; 根除海盗

Carry out a campaign (phr.)

to organize and complete an effort or mission; 实施一项活动

Make use of (phr.)

to utilize; 利用

States in the ancient world (n.)

countries or governments in early history; 古代国家

Commonly view (phr.)

to generally consider or regard; 通常认为

Encouraged not to return (phr.)

discouraged from coming back; 被劝阻返回

Relatively close to land (phr.)

not far from the shore; 相对靠近陆地

Stolen vessels (n.)

ships taken illegally; 被盗的船只

Pirate attacks (n.)

acts of robbery at sea; 海盗袭击

Escape capture (phr.)

to avoid being caught; 逃脱

Authorities (n.)

those in power or government; 当局

Routes merchant ships would take (phr.)

paths commonly used by trading ships; 商船会走的航线

Depended on the sea (phr.)

relied on the ocean for resources or trade; 依赖海洋

Livelihood (n.)

means of making a living; 生计

Farming (n.)

the activity of growing crops or raising animals; 农业

Stored goods (n.)

products kept for future use; 储存的货物

Coves (n.)

small sheltered bays along the coast; 小海湾

Coastline (n.)

the edge where land meets the ocean; 海岸线

Estimated (adj.)

roughly calculated or judged; 估计的

Involved in piracy (phr.)

engaged in or connected to pirate activity; 参与海盗行为

Attitudes towards piracy (phr.)

people's views or opinions about piracy; 对海盗行为的态度

Shortly after (phr.)

a little time later; 不久之后

Take part in (phr.)

to participate or join in an activity; 参加

Important officials (n.)

high-ranking government or authoritative figures; 重要官员

Occasionally (adv.)

sometimes but not frequently; 偶尔

Regarded as unacceptable (phr.)

considered not allowable or improper; 被认为不可接受

A favourable view (phr.)

a positive opinion or perspective; 正面看法

Evident in (phr.)

clearly shown or observable in something; 在...中明显

Ancient Greek texts (n.)

written works from ancient Greece; 古希腊文献