Introduction To Chemistry

barium fluoride

BaF₂

lithium phosphate

Li₃PO₄

Which acid could be used to make AlPO₄

H₃PO₄

Which acid could be used to make CaSO₃

H₂SO₃

Which acid could be used to form MgCl₂

HCl

magnesium reacts with sulfuric acid to form

magnesium sulfate and hydrogen

sodium hydroxide reacts with phosphoric acid to form

sodium phosphate and water

sodium carbonate and nitric acid react to form

sodium nitrate and water and carbon dioxide

Give the ionic equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide

H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O

Give the ionic equation for the reaction of sodium carbonate and sulfuric acid

2H⁺ + CO₃²⁻ → H₂O + CO₂

Give the ionic equation for the reaction of chlorine with potassium bromide to form potassium chloride and bromine

Cl₂ + 2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2Cl⁻

Write an equation for the reaction of iron and oxygen and water to form iron(III) hydroxide

4Fe + 3O₂ + 6H₂O → 4Fe(OH)₃

Write an equation for the reaction of copper(II) oxide with hydrochloric acid

CuO + 2HCl → CuCl₂ + H₂O

Write an equation for the reaction of aluminium oxide with phosphoric acid

Al₂O₃ + 2H₃PO₄ → 2AlPO₄ + 3H₂O

Write an equation for the reaction of sodium hydrogen carbonate with sulfuric acid

2NaHCO₃ + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O + 2CO₂

What are the 7 diatomic molecules?

Hydrogen, nitrogen, fluorine, oxygen, iodine, bromine and chlorine

Compound definition

Two or more different types of atoms bonded together. The bonding can either be ionic or covalent

Atom definition

The smallest particle of matter and is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons

Element definition

Made up of only one sort of atom

Molecule definition

Two or more atoms covalently bonded together- the atoms can be of the same or different elements

Mixture definition

Two or more different elements and/or compounds in the same space- they can be separated into the individual components

What is a diatomic molecule?

Elements which exist in pairs e.g. H₂

Formula for ammonia? (covalent compound)

NH₃

Formula for ethanol? (covalent compound)

C₂H₆0

Formula for nitric acid?

HNO₃

Formula for sulfuric acid?

H₂SO₄

Formula for phosphoric acid?

H₃PO₄

Formula for ethanoic acid?

CH₃COOH

What do the roman numerals on transition metals represent?

The positive charge

Formula for ammonium ion?

NH₄⁺

Formula for hydroxide ion?

OH^-

Formula for nitrate ion?

NO₃^-

Formula for hydrogen carbonate ion?

HCO₃^-

Formula for carbonate ion?

CO₃^2-

Formula for sulfate ion?

SO₄^2-

Formula for phosphate ion?

PO₄^3-

Acid + alkali —→

Salt + water

Acid + base —→

Salt + water

Acid + metal —→

Salt + hydrogen

Acid + metal carbonate —→

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Acid + metal hydrogencarbonate —→

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

What will hydrochloric acid make?

Chlorides

What will sulfuric acid make?

Sulfates

What will nitric acid make?

Nitrates

How to write an ionic equation?

Split aqueous ionic substances, cancel out elements on either side (spectator ions)

How many of phosphorus?

P₄

How many of sulfur are there?

S₈

What substances are molecules?

Diatomic elements e.g. Br₂, and covalently bonded substances e.g. H₂0

What substances are compounds?

Ionic compounds e.g. KCl and covalent compounds e.g. H₂O

What is the charge on Zinc always?

2+ (Zn)

What is the charge on Silver always?

1+ (Ag)

What is the difference between -ate and -ide ions?

-ide is only one element and -ate is a compound with other elements e.g. sulfate and sulfide ions

Order to balancing equations

Metal

Anion (negative) or any other

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

What is combustion?

The reaction of an alkane with oxygen to form carbon dioxide

What is decomposition?

The breaking down of a substance to form two or more substances

What is neutralisation?

The reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water

What is an acid?

A substance that donates H⁺ ions

What is a base?

A substance that accepts H⁺ ions

Examples of bases

• Metal oxides (O^2- + 2H⁺ —> H₂O)

• Metal hydroxides (OH^- + H⁺ —> H₂O)

• Ammonia (NH₃ + H⁺ —> NH₄) (makes ammonium)

• Carbonates (CO₃^2- + 2H⁺ —> H₂O + CO₂)

What is an alkali?

A base that releases hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution (all alkalis are bases but not all bases are alkalis)

Examples of alkalis

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH)

What is a salt?

Formed when hydrogen ions from an acid are replaced by a metal or ammonium ion

Examples of salts

Sulfates formed from sulfuric acid, chlorides formed from hydrochloric acid, nitrates formed from nitric acid

What state are oxides?

Bases and solid

What state are acids?

Dissolved in water and aqueous

What state are salts?

Formed from an aqueous acid will dissolve in water and be aqueous