a&p1 test review ch 1-4

Anatomical features that change during illness are studied in ________

anatomy.

pathological

Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex

to the simplest?

organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

A chemical imbalance in the body can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that

all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent

Which plane separates the body into superior and inferior portions? Which plane separates the body into anterior and posterior portions?

transverse/horizontal; frontal/coronal

A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position.

anatomical

An anatomical term that means the same as ventral is

anterior

The heart is ________ to the lungs.

medial

The wrist is ________ to the elbow.

distal

The chin is ________ to the nose.

inferior

Which of the following terms refers to the foot?

pedal

Which plane divides the body into right and left parts?

saggital

Terms of anatomical direction are used to describe

one body part in relation to another

A person lying face down is in the ________ position.

prone

A person lying on the bed and gazing at the ceiling is in the ________ position.

supine

The common term for the buccal region is the

cheeks

The common term for the carpal region is the

wrist

You are a pathology intern at a prestigious medical school. Your instructor presents you with a box of leg bones and asks you to place them on the table in the correct anatomical position. You recall that anatomical position is determined __________.

in reference to the subject’s right and left

When standing, moving from the chin toward the cranium is moving in __________

direction.

a superior

The lungs are __________ to the heart.

lateral

During lab, you notice that the kidneys are not directly associated with the other organs in the abdominal cavity. Upon closer inspection, you observe that they are located outside of the peritoneal lining. Which response best describes the position of the kidneys?

The kidneys are retroperitoneal to the abdominal cavity

The diaphragm muscle separates the ________ from the ________.

thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity

The thoracic cavity contains the

pericardial and pleural cavities

The serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called

the

peritoneum

The mediastinum

separates the pleural cavities and includes the pericardial cavity

The ________ is the membrane that covers the internal organs.

visceral serosa

The ________ is the membrane that covers the inner surface of cavity walls.

parietal serosa

The imaging technique that builds an image by using sound waves reflected by internal structures is called a(n)

ultrasound

If a response decreases a disturbance, the control system is classified as a ________ feedback system.

negative

If a response increases a disturbance, the control system is classified as a ________ feedback system.

positive

Disease is an indicator of

homeostatic failure

Which organ system includes the pituitary glands, the adrenal glands, and the pancreas?

endocrine system

Which of the following is an example of a symptom?

pain

The appendix is located in the _____ region?

right lower quadrant

If I was referring to the otic region on a patient’s body, what am I referring to?

ear

How many electrons can the second energy level hold when it is completely filled?

8

The nucleus of an atom consists of

protons and neutrons

The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons.

2

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the

outermost electron shell

When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form

covalent bonds

In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with

water, causing decomposition

________ is the breakdown of molecules in the body.

catabolism

Collectively, reactions that build new molecules are known as

anabolic

Enzymes __________ the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed to completion.

lower

Which of the following has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions?

pH 14

Which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a pH of 5 or a substance with a pH of 4?

a pH of 4 is greater

A(n) ________ removes hydrogen ions and a(n) ________ releases hydrogen ions.

base; acid

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as

organic molecules

To bond two monomers together, a molecule of water must be ________ to/from monomers. This process is called ________.

removed; dehydration synthesis

Wheat produces starch and cellulose, both of which are polysaccharides. While we rely on one for energy, we cannot digest the other. What causes such a physiological difference in digestion?

It is the ability of our bodies to break down the linkages between the multiple glucose molecules

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called

isomers

The storge form of glucose is

glycogen

Carbohydrate molecules

are the body’s most readily available source of energy

Cholesterol is an important lipid derivative in our bodies. Which of the following is NOT a function associated with cholesterol?

coordinate and direct local cellular activities

What type of bond does an unsaturated fatty acid contain that a saturated fatty acid does not?

at least one double covalent bond

Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called

phospholipids

You would expect a peptide bond to link

two amino acids

Interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex is ________ structure.

quaternary

An amino acid is to a protein as a ________ is to a nucleic acid.

nucleotide

According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base

guanine

The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that

the backbone of RNA contains ribose.

The molecule DNA contains a five-carbon sugar called

deoxyribose

You are looking at a single-stranded polymer that contains a pentose, a phosphate group, and the nitrogenous base uracil. What kind of molecule are you looking at?

RNA

In the process of ________ a phosphate group is transferred to a molecule.

phosphorylation

The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, phosphate ion, and

energy

Which subatomic particle is negatively charged?

electron

Which type of chemical bond breaks molecules into smaller fragments?

decomposition

Which solution contains more hydrogen ions?

pH 5

What would be an example of a cell maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level?

a cell takes up potassium to balance the ratio of ions in its cytoplasm

Body cells are also known as _______ cells.

somatic

Fluid in the tissues, but not in the cell or in blood vessels, is called _____ fluid.

interstitial

What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes?

the plasma membrane

What is the basic structure of a plasma membrane?

a phospholipdid bilayer

Many proteins in the cytosol are ____ that accelerate metabolic reactions.

enzymes

If an animal cell lacks centrioles, it is not able to

divide

Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the

smooth ER

Inside the small intestine, microvilli

increase the surface area for nutrient intake

Cilia and flagella contain nine pairs of ____ surrounding a central pair.

microtubules

Proteasomes ____ proteins that have been damaged or denatured.

break down

The ____ typically consists of five or six flattened membranous discs called cisternae.

golgi apparatus

Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others ave relatively few or none. This suggests that

cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand

Because a mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus, it

cannot repair itself

each triplet of bases un a gene corresponds to

one amino acid

The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are

genes

The enzyme _____ is required for the synthesis of mRNA.

RNA polymerase

The start of each gene begins with a ____ segment.

promoter

Which nitrogenous base replaces thymine in the RNA copy?

uracil

mRNA is needed to synthesize ____ in the cytoplasm.

proteins

During protein synthesis, amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because each tRNA has an _____ that matches the next codon in the mRNA.

anticodon

What is the correct order of occurrence for the steps of protein synthesis? 1. mRNA is produced in nucleus. 2. Ribosome moves along mRNA. 3. DNA uncoils for transcription. 4. Polypeptide is produced. 5. tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome. 6. mRNA moves to ribosome.

3, 1, 6, 2, 5, 4

Permanent alterations in a cell’s DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes are called

mutations

Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane may be influenced by all of the following except

the availability of ATP

A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called

hypotonic

The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called

facilitated diffusion

A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called

active transport

In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, one abundant type of exchange pump ejects _____ ions from the cell and imports _____ ions.

sodium; potassium

The intake of materials from the extracellular fluid using vesicles is called

endocytosis

A defense cell engulfing a bcterium illustrates

phagocytosis

The potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the unequal distribution of _____ across the membrane.

cations and anions.

the genetically programmed death of cells is called

apoptosis

The correct order of phases in the cell cycle is

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase