Marine Bio Sem 2 Final PT.1

Quarter 3 quizzes

What is the primary focus of the text?

The relationship between echinoderms, chordates, and hemichordates

Which phylum do hemichordates belong to

hemichordata

What is the significance of hemichordates in the context of evolution?

They bridge the evolutionary between echinoderms and chordates

How do acorn worms primarily obtain their food?

Filter feeding

What characteristics do hemichordates share with chordates?

a.) pharygeal slits along anterior of gut

b.) dorsal nerve cord

What is the role of the notochord in vertebrate chordates?

It becomes the backbone

Which subphylum do sea squirts belong to?

Tunicata

What is the distinguishing feature of tunicates?

Tunic

How do sea squirts expel debris or react to disturbance?

force a jet of water out of both siphons

What is the primary purpose of ‘tadpole’ larvae"?

find a suitable surface to settle

Which class do salps belong to?

Thaliacea

How do salps move in the water

Muscle bands

What are the common feature of larvaceans?

a.) tadpole larvae-like body

b.) jet of water expulsion

c.) gelatinous “house”

What do chordates lack during at least part of their development?

dorsal slits

What is the primary characteristics of protochordates?

a.) notochord

b.) hollow Doral nerve cord

c.) gill slits

How do ascidians differ from sponges in appearance?

sponges lack a tunic

What happens during the metamorphosis of a ‘tadpole’ larva into a juvenile ascidian?

notochord and tail are reabsorbed

What is the primary function of the incurrent siphon in sea squirts?

filter water for food

Which group of tunicates retains the body of a tadpole larva throughout life?

larvaceans

What happens to Ascidian larvae after metamorphosis?

they become benthic, attached to surfaces

Whar is the estimated number of species on Earth?

33,000

Which group of fishes is considered the most primitive?

jawless fishes

What is the primary material of the skeleton in Hagfish, Sharks, Skates and rays?

cartilage

Which fish group is characterized by a dorsal row of hollow skeletal elements called vertebrae?

bony fish

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of jawless fishes

scales covering the body

How do hagfishes protect themselves from predators?

producing abundant mucus

What type of feeding mechanism is common among jawless fishes

suction by round, muscular mouth

Which group of fishes includes species like sharks, rays, skates, and ratfsihes?

chondrichytes

What is the body plan of sharks typically described as?

cylindrical and elongated

Which of the following sharks is known for its flattened head with bizarre lateral extensions?

Hammerhead shark

How are electric rays able to capture their prey?

delivering electric shocks

What is the primary reason for the decline in shark populations worldwide?

Overfishing

What species is considered the largest of all fishes?

whale shark

What is the main threat to sharks from human activities?

Shark finning

What is the typical number of gill slits present in sharks

5 to 7

Which of the following is a common misconception about shark attacks?

Sharks primarily target humans

What are some of the ecological results of overfishing of sharks on coral reefs?

a.) corals overgrown by algae

b.) reduction of parrotfish

c.) increase in other small predators

What is the distinctive feature of rays, skates, and related fishes regarding gill slits?

gill slits are located ventrally

What is the feeding strategy of manta rays?

filter feeding on plankton

Which group of fishes in chondrichthyes has only one pair of gill slits covered by a flap of skin?

Ratfishes

What is the primary distinguishing feature of fishes in the class Osteichthyes?

Bony skeleton

How many species of bony fishes are there, constituting about half of all vertebrates?

31,000

What type of scales do bony fishes typically have?

a.) cycloid

b.) Ctenoid

What is the purpose of the swim bladder in bony fishes

adjusting buoyancy

Where is the mouth located in most bony fishes?

Terminal

What is ichthyology?

The study of fishes

How is body shape related to lifestyle in fishes?

Fast swimmers have streamlined bodies

What body shape is common among inshore fishes like snappers and damselfishes?

dorsoventrally flattened

How do trumpetfish and pipefish adapt to their environment?

By having elongated bodies

Stonefish possess a body shape that resembles what?

Rock

What is the purpose of warning coloration in fishes?

To indicate a dangerous or poisonous nature

What fishes use structural colors in combination with pigments to advertise their poisonous nature?

Lionfishes

What is countershading, and where is it commonly found?

Dark backs and light bellies; open water

How do most bony fishes achieve buoyancy control?

gas-filled swim bladder

What is the role of the swim bladder in bony fishes?

Buoyancy control

What adaptation allows some high-speed swimmers to maintain warm internal temperatures?

concurrent blood flow

How do bottom-dwelling fishes like gobies and sculpins move?

crawling using pelvic fins

Which fishes have modified pelvic fins forming part of a sucker?

Clingfishes

What is the primary mode of swimming for fishes like parrotfishes and surgeonfishes on coral reefs

movement using pectoral fins

What do carnivorous bony fishes use their well-developed teeth for?

Capturing and holding prey

What is the feeding strategy of plankton-feeding fishes like herrings and anchovies?

using gill rakers to capture plankton

How does digestion typically begin in fishes?

In the stomach

What is the function of the pyloric caeca in the digestive system of bony fishes?

Secretion of digestive enzymes

What organ secretes bile breakdown of fats in fishes?

liver

Where are gills located in fishes?

in the Pharynx

How does oxygen enter the blood in the gills of fishes?

Diffusion

What adaptation increases the efficiency of gas exchange in fish gills?

Countercurrent flow system

How is carbon dioxide eliminated from the blood in fish gills?

diffusion

What carries oxygen through the fish’s body after it enters the blood?

Hemoglobin

What is the purpose of myoglobin in muscles during exertion?

oxygen storage

How do marine bony fishes prevent dehydration in seawater?

Drinking seawater

How do cartilaginous fishes balance salt concentration in their blood?

retaining urea in the blood

What is the function of the lateral line in fishes?

sound detection

How do fishes eyes differ from those of land vertebrates?

Focusing by moving closer to or farther from what they are looking at

What purpose does the lateral line serve of fishes?

detecting vibrations

What is the main purpose of the ampullae of Lorenzini in cartilaginous fishes?

electrical field detection

How do fishes perceive sound waves?

a.) inner ears

b.) lateral line detection

What is evidence for territoriality in fishes?

defending home areas

What are some behaviors fishes exhibit to defend their territories?

Bluffing and sound production

Why do fishes form schools?

Protection against predation

How does schooling benefit some types of fishes?

a.) by confusing predators

b.) by reducing drag

What is a significant advantage of schooling for fishes?

Efficient feeding

What is migration in fishes primarily related to?

a.) efficient feeding

b.) reproduction

What is the purpose of homing behavior in salmon?

Navigation to home stream for reproduction

There are many fish species that don’t normally school except for short periods each year. Why might this be?

Efficient mating

What is the migratory pattern of catadromous fishes?

breed at sea and migrate into rivers to grow

Which species of freshwater eels have the longest migration?

european eels

How do American eel larvae differ from European eel Larvae in terms of drift time?

European eel larvae drift longer

What triggers the release of sex hormones in fishes for reproduction?

environmental factors

What is the reproductive strategy of hermaphorditic fishes like the Hamlet?

simultaneous production of sperm and eggs

How do hamlet’s ensure cross-fertilization despite being hermaphrodites

sequential mating with different partners

What is sex reversal in fishes

sequential hermaphroditism

What is the primary purpose of courtship behaviors in fishes?

ensuring successful reproduction

How do fishes usually signal their readiness to breed?

changes in color

What is broadcast spawning in fishes?

external fertilization

How do damselfishes care for their eggs?

guard them in nests

what is the term for the type of spawning exhibited by majority of fishes?

a.) oviparous

b.) broadcast spawners

How do some male pipefishes carry their eggs?

on their bellies

what is ovoviviparity in fishes

internal fertilization with egg retention

In what way do some sharks exhibit a placental viviparity

nutrient absorption from the uterus walls