BIO 240 Lesson 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Flashcards about Anatomy and Physiology.

Physiology

The study of the function of the body.

Anatomy

The study of the form of the body.

Gross Anatomy

Considers large structures such as the brain and what you can see in the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

smaller components such as cells and need a microscope

Hierarchy of Complexity

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism

Atoms

smallest unit of matter

molecules composed of?

atoms

cells contain?

organelles

tissues are composed of?

cells

organs are composed of?

tissues

organ systems are composed of?

organs

organisms is composed of?

organ systems

Four Types of Tissue

Nervous, Epithelial, Muscle, Connective

nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

epithelial tissue

lining of GI tract organs and other hallow organs. skin surface (epidermis)

muscle tissue

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle

connective tissue

fat and other soft padding tissue, bone, and tendon

Integumentary System

Encloses internal body structure and is the site of many sensory receptors.

Skeletal System

Supports the body and enables movement (with the muscular system).

Muscular System

Enables movement (with the skeletal system) and helps maintain body temperature.

Nervous System

Detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses.

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes.

Cardiovascular System

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and equalizes temperature in the body.

Digestive System

Processes food for use by the body and removes wastes from undigested food.

Respiratory System

Removes carbon dioxide from the body and delivers oxygen to the blood.

Urinary System

Controls water balance in the body and removes wastes from blood and excretes them.

Lymphatic System

Returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens.

Male Reproductive System

Produces sex hormones and gametes and delivers gametes to female.

Female Reproductive System

Produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus until birth, and produces milk for infant.

Characteristics of Life

Organization, Cellular Composition, Metabolism and Excretion, Responsiveness and Movement, Homeostasis, Development, Reproduction, Evolution

cell theory

cells are the basic unit of life, cells are made from pre-existing cells, and all organisms are made of cells

responsiveness

response to a stimulus like the nervous system and signals a response

Homeostasis

Living things maintaining stable internal conditions regardless of external condition, fluctuates within limited range around a set point, loss of homeostasis causes illness and death

what does Homeostasis prevent?

drastic change internally from external environments. If not, it leads to diseases. There will be changes but not too drastic

what does homeostasis work with?

negative feed back loop

what is the order of the negative feedback loop?

stimulus—>sensor—>control—>effector

what is the order of the body temperature regulation

1. Body temperature exceeds 37 degrees C

2. Nerve cells in skin and brain

3. temperature regulatory center in brain

4. 4. sweat glands throughout the body

negative feedback, set point

room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 degrees, it only averages 68 degrees

Negative Feedback Loop

A stimulus—a deviation from a set point—is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis. An inhibition and prevents change and prevent effect of stimulus

body temperature is regulated by?

negative feed back loop. Hypothalamus regulates the temperature

if overheating?

vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins

if too cold?

vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering begins

Metabolism=

Building up (anabolic reactions) + breaking down (catabolic reactions).

anabolic reactions

are building reactions and they consume or requires energy

catabolic reactions

break materials down and release energy

exchange reaction

bonds are formed and broken such that the components of the reactants are rearranged. Example: Notebook+Worm-→ Note+Bookworm

synthesis reaction

two components bond to make a larger molecule. Energy is required and is stored in the bond. Ex: Note+Book—>Notebook

Decomposition Reaction

bonds between components of a larger molecule are broken, resulting in smaller products. Ex: Bookworm—>Book+worm

dehydration synthesis

monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation, It builds up but loses monomers

hydrolysis

monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other. It breaks down to monomers

Positive Feedback Loop

Self-amplifying change that leads to change in the same direction. Its a normal way of producing rapid changes

where does positive feedback occur?

childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals

element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. It is characterized by having only one type of atom. 

what is the most abundant element?

oxygen

what are the common elements found in the body?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

atom

smallest unit of matter and molecules are composed of atoms

molecules are composed of?

atoms

organelles are composed of?

molecules

What is a compound?

A substance formed by chemically bonding two or more different elements in fixed proportions like H2O, NaCl, and CO2

what are the requirements for life?

oxygen, nutrients (water), narrow range of temperature(homeostasis), and narrow range of atmospheric pressure(movement of air is dependent on atmospheric pressure to remove CO2)

Body Cavities

Dorsal and Ventral

the ventral cavity includes?

thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity

the dorsal cavity includes

cranial and spinal cavities

there are how many abdominal regions?

9

there are how many abdominal quadrants in the peritoneal cavity?

4

Radiography (X-Rays)

High energy electromagnetic radiation that allows the internal structures of the body to be seen such as bones. It penetrates soft tissues and darkens photographic film, and dense tissue remains white. You can see the blood vessels and intestinal tract, thoracic cavity, and digestive system.

what is the disadvantage of Radiography X-Rays

it causes cancer due to radiation

Computed Tomography (CT Scan)

Low-intensity X-rays and computer analysis to create a slice-type image of the body that has increased sharpness. It has lower radiation and visualize soft tissue

what is the disadvantage of CT Scan

electron radiation to brain

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Magnetic field and radio waves to create a slice-type image of the body, best for soft tissue. Magnetic fields aligns atoms and radio waves realign the atoms. No pace makers or any electronics are allows in MRI as they are metallic devices

what is safer than x-rays?

MRI

which is better than an MRI?

CAT Scans

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

Assesses metabolic state by injecting labeled glucose and analyzing gamma rays given off. Its analyzed by computer by an image glucose usage.

what are the disadvantages of a PET scan?

it uses radioactive isotopes that has radiation

which assesses brain?

PET and CAT scans

Ultrasound (Sonography)

High-frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs.

advantages of a sonography

avoids harmful x-rays, 2nd most commonly used technique, and fetus will not be harmed

what is utilized for cardiovascular physiological information?

Sonography and PET scan

what is an ion?

An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, giving it a net electric charge.

what is an anion

An anion is an ion with a negative charge — formed when an atom gains one or more electrons like Cl-

what is a cation?

an ion with a positive charge — formed when an atom loses one or more electrons like Na+

define ionic bond

the opposite electrical charges of the resulting sodium cation and chloride anion result in the formation of a bond of attraction.

describe the ionic bond in sodium Na+ and Cl-

sodium donates the solitary electron in its valence shell to chlorine, which needs only one electron to have a full valence shell to fulfill the octet rule.

covalent bond

two atoms of hydrogen each share their solitary electron in a single covalent bond in order to fulfill the octet rule and valence shell

what are the two types of covalent bonds?

Non-Polar Covalent Bond and Polar Covalent bond

describe a non polar covalent bond

oxygen has six electrons in its valence shell, so two more would make it stable. Two atoms of oxygen achieve stability by sharing two pairs of electrons in a double covalent bond. This equal sharing is a non polar bond

describe a double covalent bond

an atom of carbon has four electrons in its valence electrons in its valence shell, so four more would make it stable. An atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen achieves stability by sharing two electron pairs each. This shows that carbon and oxygen does not share equally making it a polar covalent bond.

describe a polar covalent bond in a water molecule?

hydrogen forms a covalent bond to oxygen as Hydrogen is weakly positive and oxygen is weakly negative. In a polar covalent bond, sharing is not equal

describe hydrogen bonds

there are weak and are indicated by a dotted line than a solid line

what is the order of strongest to weakest in a water molecule

covalent bond—>ionic bond—>hydrogen bond

describe protons

Positively charged, found in the nucleus. The number of proton identifies the atomic number

describe neutrons

No charge (neutral), found in the nucleus

describe Electrons

Negatively charged, orbit in energy shells around the nucleus

how to find mass number?

protons + neutrons

describe atomic number

The number of protons in an atom.

describe valence shell

The outermost electron shell of an atom. The outermost valence shell has the same amount in each group. Atoms want to fill their valence shell to fulfill the octet rule. For example, Oxygen has 6 valence electrons → needs 2 more → forms 2 covalent bonds. Sodium has 1 valence electron → tends to lose it → forms Na⁺.

why do noble gases do not undergo chemical reactions?

due to shell being full

describe isotopes of hydrogen

same atomic number but different mass number or neutrons

what is a radioactive isotope?

proton will turn into a neutron. It will undergo nucleic decay