S. 2.5.-Describe the role of microorganisms in disease

Microbes (microorganisms)

Organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye, and may be classified as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa (including algae), or animals; many reproduce quickly and establish large populations that can be easily studied in a laboratory. Due to their small sizes, they can be difficult to study. Special techniques and equipment such as microscopes are needed

Fungi

eukaryotic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment(decomposers) through symbiotic relationships with plants or harmful relationship with a host

infectious/communicable disease

diseases that spread from one person to another

non-infectious disease

Diseases that cannot be transmitted directly from one person to another- caused by microbes

Microorganisms/microbes

living things that are too small to be seen without magnification/ are beneficial in producing oxygen, decomposing organic material, providing nutrients for plants, and maintaining human health. Some can be pathogenic and cause diseases in plants and humans

Microbes

characterized based on cellular components, morphology(size and shape), means of locomotion and reproduction; They can be divided into several types: bacteria, viruses, protozoans/protists, fungi, and animals. They are typically free-living and must find a host from which to gain nutrients.

Protozoans/protists

unicellular eukaryotes. They are the largest group of organisms in the world in terms of numbers, biomass, and diversity

Parasites

microbes that are not free-living and must find a host from which to gain nutrients

Host

Parasites line in or on the body of larger organisms called the this(a larger organisms on/in whose body a parasite lives)and derive most of its sustenance from them

Pathogen

A parasite's actions generally damage the host through infection and disease. This type of microbe is considered this(an infectious agent).

Bacteria

unicellular organisms capable of causing diseases such as tuberculosis, meningitis, food poisoning, and more

Bacteria

cells are described as prokaryotic because they lack a nucleus(not all are pathogenic as some are harmless/ support essential bodily functions)

Viruses

noncellular entities that consist of a nucleic acid core(DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

Viruses

Although these are classified as microorganisms, they are not considered living things

Viruses

These invade and multiply inside healthy prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells causing diseases. Ex of viral diseases: influenza, measles, mumps, HIV, and COVID-19 virus

Protozoans/protists

unicellular eukaryotes. They make up the largest group of organisms in the world in terms of numbers, biomass, and diversity/ feed on other cells and have been traditionally divided based on their mode of locomotion

Dysentery

an infection of the large intestine marked by severe diarrhea(protist disease)

Malaria

A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood(protist disease)

Sleeping sickness(African trypanosomiasis)

viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes which results in inflammation of the brain and possibly death (protist disease)

Fungi

includes mushrooms, molds, and yeast. All are eukaryotic cells means they have a true nucleus

Fungi

They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment(decomposers), through symbiotic relationships with plants or harmful relationships with a host(parasites)

Fungi

This can be the cause of many different types of illnesses, such as asthma, some common skin conditions(athlete's foot and ringworm), lung infection, and even bloodstream infections

Helminths

Animals such as parasite worms, also known as these, are large enough for people to see with the naked eye, and they can live in many areas of the body

Flatworms/tapeworms/roundworms

Some parasitic worms include these which can line in the intestines, and these that can survive in the gastrointestinal tract and lymphatic system

Disease

condition that deteriorates the normal functioning of the cells, tissues, and organs

infectious disease and non-infectious disease

The two disease categories are

infectious disease

diseases that spread from one person to another and are commonly called communicable diseases. They are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoans, virus, and other such microbes

Cholera

an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food (infectious disease)

Chickenpox

viral infection with Varicella zoster(infectious disease)

COVID-19 virus

illness caused by a virus called SARS-CoV-2 (infectious disease)

Non-infectious disease

do not spread to others and they remain within a person who has contracted them. These diseases are not caused by pathogens, but by other factors such as age, nutritional deficiency, gender, and lifestyle

Diabetes

A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar (non-infectious disease)

Cancer

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division (non-infectious disease)

Asthma

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing (non-infectious disease)

Infectious diseases

can be spread by direct contact from a sick individual through skin-to-skin(sexual contact) or touching common surfaces which can transmit the diseases to a new host. Contact with bodily fluids, such as blood and saliva, also spread this

Microscope

one of the most important tools of the microbiologist. It was invented in the 1600s when Anton Van Leeuwenhoek built a simple model consisting of a tube, magnifying lens, and a stage to make the first visual discoveries of microbes and circulating blood cells

compound microscope

In 1665, Robert Hooke used this, meaning it contained two sets of lenses for magnification: the ocular lens next to the eye and the objective lens next to the specimen or object

Bright- field, dark-field, fluorescence, phase contrast, confocal scanning laser (CSLM), and differential interference contrast (DIC)

What are the six types of light microscopes

Electron microscopes

a magnification instrument that forms an image using a beam of electrons that travel at high speeds and form a wavelike pattern/ are microscopes that replace light with electrons for visualization

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM)

2 types of electron microscopes