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Song China

fell about 80 years into the postclassical period

great wealth

political stability

innovation (agriculture)

Neo-Confucianism

cultural advancement

lost northern lands to the Manchus (Jin empire)

imperial bureaucracy

existed since the Qin

decided by Confucian civil service exam

Song Taizu expanded it to men of lower classes but still marginalized the poor

meritocracy

became to big leading to the economic downfall of the Song and their ultimate decline

proto-industrialization enabled artisans to work for the bureaucracy from home

Tang Dynasty

before the Song

improved trade

population growth

Grand Canal

Champa Rice

Champa kingdom (Vietnam)

fast-ripening

drought-resistant

farmers could grow summer/winter crop

could grow in previously infertile areas

population growth

agricultural methods of postclassical China

manure (human/animal)

irrigation systems (ditches/water wheels/pumps/terraces)

heavy plows pulled by domesticated oxen/water buffalo fertilized more land

Postclassical Chinese industrial feats

discovered coal in 4th century

could make cast iron goods

learned to take carbon out of cast iron to make steel later on

use of steel in Postclassical China

bridges

gates

ship anchors

religious items (Buddhist pagodas)

agricultural equipment

Postclassical Chinese maritime feats

paper navigation maps

compass

more cargo carrying ships

less reliance on sky for navigation

ways Song Dynasty controlled trade

military in South China Sea

Grand Canal

military power attacking bandits

Postclassical Chinese social hierarchy

aristocracy

scholar gentry (larger than aristocracy, knowledgable in Confucian philosophy)

farmers

artisans

merchants (little respect from Confucians who praised those who created new things)

peasants (in debt, urban poor, worked for landowners)

Song China aiding the poor

free hospitals

other aid

foot binding

common amongst Chinese aristocrats

Buddhism in China

anarchic period between Han & Sui

monk Xuanzang helped build popularity

opposed by the Tang because they feared it would hinder Confucian tradition

Song was indifferent but promoted Confucian ideology

3 Types of Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism: personal spiritual growth through silent meditation/self-discipline (Southeast Asia)

Mahayana Buddhism: spiritual growth for all beings/service (China/Korea)

Tibetan Buddhism: chanting (Tibet)

Postclassical Japan

had somewhat more autonomy from China because of the sea separating them

Prince Shotoku Taishi promoted Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shinto religion

woodblock printing

Heian period (intellectuals)

Japanese novelists

feudalism

Japanese feudalism

daimyo (landowners who had more power than the emperor/shogun)

knights (duty to women/God/country called bushido)

serfs (rice farmers)

Postclassical Japanese governance

Minimoto clan installed shogun (more powerful than emperor)

emperor was just a figurehead

regional rivalries from aristocrats for next four centuries

shoguns unified Japan in 17th century

culture amongst Postclassical Korea

elite studied Confucianism

peasants followed Buddhism

adopted Chinese writing structure which was awkward

Korea developed own writing system in 15th century

Postclassical Korean social structure/governance

Centralized government

Powerful aristocracy that prevented many Chinese reforms

Korean civil service exam not open to peasants

Postclassical Chinese culture’s influence on Vietnam

Writing system

Architecture

Vietnam’s relationship with China in Postclassical period

Adversarial

Violent rebellions

Postclassical Vietnamese governance

Independent villages

Women in Postclassical Vietnam

More freedom in marriage

Resisted foot binding

Preferred to live in nuclear families rather than extended families like China

rejected polygyny

Postclassical Vietnamese society

Centralized bureaucracy for men

Scholar officials served community more than emperor and launched many rebellions

Vietnamese attack on Tang China

Failing Tang in 8th century

Guerilla warfare pushing out Tang soldiers

Mamluk Sultanate

Turks

Former slaves

1200s-1500s

Traded cotton and sugar

Declined in power when Portugal and other Europeans created new sea routes

Seljuk Turks

Muslims

Started conquering in 11th century

Extended from Middle East to Western China

Leader was sultan: reduced highest ranking Abbasid from caliph to Sunni religious authority

Treatment of Christians

Abbasids let Christians go to Jerusalem

Seljuk Turks were stricter, which led to the Crusades

Fall of Baghdad

Trade routes shifted north from the city

Lost wealth and population

Could not afford to repair canals

Failing infrastructure

Farmers couldn’t feed people

Abbasid Caliphate

Led by Persians/Arabs

Attacked by Mongols, Seljuks, Mamluks

Governance in Islamic World

Politically fragmented

Used shariah to shape law

Intense economic competition

Great universities and cities

Cultural feats of Islamic scholars

Translated Greek texts into Arabic

Transferred Indian mathematic texts to Europe

Adopted paper making and spread it to Europe

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

13th century

Observatory built under his direction

contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine

Accurate astronomical charts

Set groundwork for trigonometry

Doctors/pharmacists could get certified in Cairo

Ibn Khaldun

Founder for historiography and sociology

A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

Most prophilic female Muslim writer before 20th century

Wrote poetry to be reverent to Allah

Sufism

emphasized spiritual connection with Allah rather than reading the Quran

may have begun as a mystical response to the perceived love of luxury by the early Umayyad Caliphate

Dar al-Islam’s treatment of the conquered

discriminatory against non-Arabs, but not open about it

discrimination ended around 9th century

prohibited soldiers from owning land conquered

tribute paid to caliphs rather than Byzantine leaders

Men’s treatment of women in the Islamic world

women protected from retaliation if testified in an Islamic court

testimony only worth half that of a man’s

most information on women’s lives written by men

rise of towns/cities confined women to harems/veils/homes

Umayyad Conquest

started in 711

ruled briefly in Middle East

defeated Byzantine armies in North Africa and moved to Spain

established Cordoba as capital

Battle of Tours

lost against Frankish forces

732

limited rapid expansion into Western Europe

Cordoba

religious tolerance

allowed Chinese & Southeast Asian products to flow into the city

goods traveled aboard dhows (from that area)

largest library in the world at the time

European thinkers of the Islamic World

Averroes-wrote works on law, secular philosophy, natural sciences

Maimonides-Jewish, inspired by Aristotle/Averroes, biblical interpretations, inspired St. Thomas Aquinas

Lal Ded (Mother Lalla)

born in Kashmir

Hindu but appealed to many Muslims

Governance in Hindu world

decentralized

local Hindu kingdoms

Hinduism united the country despite north/south differences

Southern India was more stable than northern India

Gupta Dynasty

fell in 550, ending golden age of India

ended unity in India

Chola Dynasty

800s-1200s

extended rule to Ceylon in 11th century

Vijayanagara Empire

1300s-1600s

two brothers from the Delhi Sultanate to expand into the South who were born Hindu but became Muslim to move up in social structure

became Hindu again when empire was established and made it a safe place for other Hindus

overthrown by Muslim kingdoms (how it fell)

Rajput kingdoms

after Gupta Dynasty

Hindu kingdoms constantly at war with one another

vulnerable to Muslim attacks

Islamic invasions of India

8th century-invasions to Pakistan but did not affect everyday life much

Rajput princes limited conquerers power

11th century-plundered Buddhist/Hindu temples, built mosques on those areas

Delhi Sultanate

13th-16th centuries

Muslim

interactions of Hindus & Muslims

imposed jizya

hard time imposing policies on land without bureaucracy

defended themselves from Mongols before trying to expand

Why Buddhists converted to Islam

corruption within Buddhist monasteries

raids on monasteries

left religion disorganized

Intellectual spread in South/Southeast Asia

Arab developments of astronomy/mathematics

Indian algebra/geometry

Arabic numerals from India

Cultural spread of Muslims/Hindus

artistic details of Hindus

geometric patterns of Muslims

Qutub Minar (mosque on top of Hindu shrine)

Urdu (grammatical pattern of Hindi/vocabulary of Arabic/elements of Farsi) - official language in Pakistan

India’s trade relationship with Southeast Asia

started since 500 BC

sold silver, gold, metal goods, and textiles

received fine spices

much region remains Buddhist

Srivijaya Empire

600-1000

Hindu

Sumatra

built up navy

charged fees on ships traveling between China/India

Majapahit Kingdom

1293-1500

Java

98 tributaries at height

controlled sea routes

Buddhist

Sinhala Dynasties

arrival of early immigrants (likely merchants) from Northern Indian

Sri Lanka

Buddhists arrived in 3rd century BCE

Buddhist center of study for both men/women

irrigation

invaders from India/conflict between monarchy/priests weakened dynasties

Khmer Empire (Angkor Kingdom)

Mekong River

did not depend on maritime prowess

irrigation/drainage systems

could harvest rice several times a year

reduced impact of heavy monsoon rains

capital at Angkor Thom

Hindu artwork

leaders became Buddhist at one point

added Buddhist art in 12th-13th centuries

Angkor Wat complex

Sukhothai Kingdom roved out Khmers in 1400s

Mississippian Culture

700s-800s

Mississippi River Valley

enormous earthen mounts (Cahokia)

Great Sun ruled each town

matrilineal society

declined in 1450s-1600s

flooding/crop failures/diseases by Europeans

Mississippian Class Structure

Great Sun

priests/nobles

farmers/hunters/merchants/artisans

enslaved people (POWs)

housing innovations of the Americas

Chavin-stone/clay structures with hundreds of rooms

Mesa Verde-multi-story homes in sides of cliffs with sandstone bricks

both groups declined in late 13th century with drier climate

Mayan City-states

height around 250-900 CE

much of Latin America

40 cities consisting of thousands

2 million people

common wars

fought to gain tribute

king claimed to have descended from a god

king directed activities of elite scribes/priests

sometimes overthrown

common people paid taxes in form of crops/labor to government

no standing government (people had to serve in militaries)

no central government but strong city-states had power

Mayan intellectual feats

concept of 0

complex writing system

rubber

astronomy affected religion/politics

decisions of going to war/celebrations of religious ceremonies

accurate calendar

Chichen Itza

Mayan religion

priests could be male or female

sun, rain, corn deities

offerings to gods so prayers could be answered

war captives killed off as offerings

pyramids similar to Mesoamerican ziggurats

Aztecs (Mexicas)

hunter-gatherers

migrated North to central Mexico in 1200s

founded Tenochtitlan in Mexico City in 1325

stretched from Gulf of Mexico to Pacific

conquered forced to pay tribute, surrender lands, perform military service, local rulers collected tribute

city-states grouped into provinces

moved warriors/families to provinces capital to keep things under control

theocracy

declined by late 15th century

lacked technology/inefficient agriculture

spread too far

resentment from people

rebellions when Spaniards came in 1519

Tenochtitlan

swampy lake

200k people

network of aqueducts

Great Pyramid

chinampas decreased space food production took

irrigation from digging ditches

Aztec social structure

Great Speaker

land-owning nobles (formed Aztec military leadership)

scribes/healers

craftspeople/traders (pochteca)

peasants/soldiers

slaves (in debt/criminals)

jobs women might have in Aztec empire

midwives, healers, priestesses, merchants, noblewomen could be scribes to female members of royal families

Incan Empire

Pachacuti conquered Peruvian tribes in 1438

extended from Ecuador to Chile

Huayna Cupac (grandson) consolidated power

four provinces with governor/bureaucracy

conquered leaders who were loyal were rewarded

mit’a system instead of tribute

Inti most important of Incan gods

ancestor veneration

Temple of the Sun

civil war over succession when Spain arrived

weakened Incan army

Incan religion

dead rulers still owned servants, possessions, property

priests consulted before certain actions by observing natural world

animism (huaca)

Incan achievements

quipu

terrace systems for potatoes/maize

Carpa Nan to move military

waru waru to increase agricultural yield

Hausa Kingdoms

before 1000s

Hausa ethnic group

loosely-connected through kinship ties

prospering city-states with specialties

lacked access to sea

lacked central authority: frequently subject to domination

Islam came in 14th century

Postclassical Ghana

between Sahara and West African coast

founded in 5th century

peak in 8th-11th centuries

sold gold/ivory to Muslims

received salt/copper/cloth/tools

king centralized government in capital with help of nobles

army equipped with iron weapons

fell in 12th centuries due to wars with neighboring states

Postclassical Mali

founded by Sundiata who made connections with other Muslims to create trading relations

thriving gold trade

Mansa Musa

Postclassical Zimbabwe

East Africa

used architecture to show wealth

12th-15th century

between Zambezi & Limpopo rivers

agriculture, grazing, trade, gold

taxes on gold transport

traded with coastal city-states

overgrazing in Great Zimbabwe led to fall

Postclassical Ethiopia

kingdom of Axum developed

traded goods obtained from India, Arabia, Roman Empire

expressed power through architecture

ancestor veneration

Slavery in S.W. Asia & Africa

POWS, debtors, criminals

most men/some women worked agriculture

most women/some men domestic work

power through slavery because people couldn’t own land

demand in Middle East for enslaved workers

Zang

East African slaves

sugar plantations in Mesopotamia

Arab workers and them launched Zanj Rebellion

captured Basra

Postclassical Sub-Saharan African culture

ancestor veneration through songs

percussive elements

religious art

sculptures in iron/bronze

Europe felt the sculptures were sophisticated

Middle Ages

fall of Roman Empire

medieval period

trade declined

intellectual life decreased

agreements for common defense

Roman Catholic Church strengthened Europe

plows

-heavier plows with wheels for rough soil north in the Alps

-lighter plows working in Southern Europe

Holy Roman Empire

Otto 1 was crowned in 900s

successors survived power over lay investiture controversy (whether secular leader could invest bishops with symbols of office)

church gained autonomy in 1122 with Concordat of Worms

destroyed in Thirty Years’ War

formal end when Napoleon Bonaparte came to power

Norman England

Normans descendants of Vikings

northwestern France (Normandy)

William the Conqueror invaded England

royal sheriffs were administrative officials

feudalism

Normans & Anglo-Saxons created English people

power objected to by nobles

conquered Sicily from Muslims

Hundred Years’ War

English archers claimed early victories

English retained a small French port at the end of the war

factors for invasion of Holy Land

significant to Jews/Christians

landed nobles launched military campaign to distract nobles upset at primogeniture

distracted unemployed peasants who pillaged lands of neighboring lords

Fourth Crusade

Venice (wealthy city-state) had contract to transport Crusaders to Middle East in the Levant

Venice wasn’t paid what was promised

Crusaders sacked Zara and Constantinople and the Crusade never got to the Holy Land

Postclassical European Jews

blamed for economic problems

lived around Iberian peninsula

welcomed in Amsterdam & commercial cities for valuable economic expertise

bound by economic turmoil/debtors to Christians

Northern European Jews became moneylenders

Muslim-populated areas

Muslim Ottoman Empire moved into Balkans

How Muslims/Jews shaped Postclassical Europe

Jews were bridge between Christians & Muslims economically

Women in Postclassical Europe

sometimes managed manor accounts

rights hindered by patriarchal thinking & urbanization

joined religious order & workers guilds

Southern Renaissance

supported by Church

Italian Vernacular

Dante

support from Medicis

Northern Renaissance

by 1400

religious/human concerns

The Canterbury Tales portrayed middle class

other writings were satirical portrayals of monasticism

Middle English vernacular

Independent Russia

center of fur trade

Mongols required local nobles to collect tax

resistance of Mongols when wealthy

Ivan the Great helped independence