Lecture 31 Carbohydrate Structure and Function

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45 Terms

1
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Sugars have many ________ attached.

alcohols

2
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Alternative sugars such as sucralose have _________ attached instead of alcohols which makes them taste 300 times sweeter.

chlorides

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_______ have the same molecular formula but different structure.

Isomers

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_______ are isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom formed on ring closure.

Anomers

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_______ differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms.

Epimers

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_____________ have the same molecular formula but differ in the configuration of their atoms in space.

Stereoisomers

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___________ are stereoisomers that are not superimposable on their mirror images. (only way to distinguish is polarized light)

Enantiomers

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_____________ are one monomeric unit sugars (glucose)

Monosaccharides

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________________ are 2-20 monosaccharides

Oligosaccharides

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_______________ are more than 20 monosaccharides (glycogen)

Polysaccharides

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_______________ are sugars linked to proteins or lipids

Glycoconjugates

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______ have an oxygen double bond on the end. Most oxidized carbon is _-_.

Aldoses; C-1

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_______ have an internal oxygen double bond. Most oxidized carbon is usually _-_.

Ketoses, C-2

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_______ is a C-2 epimer of glucose. (OH is on opposite side of C-2)

Mannose

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_________ is a C-4 epimer of glucose. (OH is on opposite side of C-4)

Galactose

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________ is a ketose sugar that is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.

Ribulose

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________ is an important ketose sugar with 6 carbons

Fructose

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Glucose is an ______ sugar

aldose

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_____ anomers have an OH group on the bottom of the anomeric carbon in cyclized form

Alpha

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____ anomers have an OH group on the top of the anomeric carbon in cyclized form

Beta

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Most of our amino acids are _

L

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_______ _____: oxidation of (aldose) aldehyde group to a carboxylic acid

Aldonic acids

<p>Aldonic acids</p>
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______ _____: oxidation of primary alcohol group to carboxylic acid

Uronic acids

<p>Uronic acids</p>
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________: reduction of ketose and aldose aldehyde to hydroxyl

Alditols

<p>Alditols</p>
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_____ ______: OH group replaced by H

Deoxy sugars

<p>Deoxy sugars</p>
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_____ ______: one or more OH groups are replaced by an amino group

Amino sugars

<p>Amino sugars</p>
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_____ _________: addition of phosphate to a hydroxyl group

Sugar phosphates

<p>Sugar phosphates</p>
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Glycerol is a _____ _______ where the carbonyl oxygen is reduced. Used in storage of fats in the form of triglycerides.

sugar alcohol

<p>sugar alcohol</p>
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_____ _____ are carboxylic acids where C-1 is oxidized to yield an aldonic acid and the highest-numbered carbon is oxidized to an alduronic acid

Sugar acids

<p>Sugar acids</p>
30
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A __________ bond is a primary structural linkage in all polymers of monosaccharides

glycosidic

<p>glycosidic</p>
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Glycosidic bonds form at the OH group of the ________ carbon.

anomeric

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____ linkages form with an OH group on the top of the anomeric carbon of the first monosaccharide.

Beta (lactose)

<p>Beta (lactose)</p>
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_____ linkages form with an OH group on the bottom of the anomeric carbon of the first monosaccharide.

Alpha (sucrose)

<p>Alpha (sucrose)</p>
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A ________ sugar is still able to open up at the anomeric carbon. (OH on anomeric carbon is not bound to another monosaccharide)

reducing

<p>reducing</p>
35
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A ___-________ sugar is not able to open up at the anomeric carbon because it is bound to another monosaccharide.

non-reducing

<p>non-reducing</p>
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Disaccharide structure is written starting with the ___-________ end at the left.

non-reducing

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In order to be a reducing sugar, both ________ carbons cannot be bound to one another.

anomeric

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___________ are homopolysaccharides containing only one type of monosaccharide. (glycogen)

Homoglycans

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_____________ are heteropolysaccharides containing residues of more than one type of monosaccharide.

Heteroglycans

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Glycoconjugates include _____________, ______________, and _____________.

proteoglycans; peptidoglycans; glycoproteins

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_____________ are glycosaminoglycan-protein complexes. A core molecule has branches of core proteins which is attached to smaller branches of oligosaccharides. (hydrophilic because of sugar residues, present in hyaluronic acid)

Proteoglycans

<p>Proteoglycans</p>
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______________ are heteroglycan chains linked to peptides. Major component of bacterial cell wall.

Peptidoglycans

<p>Peptidoglycans</p>
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_____________ are proteins that contain covalently-bound oligosaccharides which exhibit great variability.

Glycoproteins

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The addition of one or more oligosaccharide chains (glycosylations) affects a protein's ________ __________ which, in turn, affects the __________ __________.

physical properties; biological properties

45
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Glycoproteins are important in the specificity of _____ ________ and ________.

blood proteins; antigens