UNIT 2 REVIEW

Question-and-Answer flashcards covering key macronutrient concepts: carbohydrate, fat, and protein recommendations, structures, functions, digestion, metabolism, and related health conditions.

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates?

45–65% of total daily calories.

How many kilocalories per gram do carbohydrates provide?

4 kcal per gram.

Which cells rely exclusively on glucose for energy?

Red blood cells.

What are the three monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Which disaccharide is composed of glucose + fructose?

Sucrose.

Name the disaccharide found in milk and its monosaccharide components.

Lactose = glucose + galactose.

What polysaccharide is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals?

Glycogen (stored in liver and muscle).

Which type of fiber lowers blood cholesterol by dissolving in water?

Soluble fiber (e.g., oats, legumes).

How does insoluble fiber benefit the digestive tract?

Adds bulk to stool and promotes regular bowel movements.

What bowel condition is prevented by a high-fiber diet and involves outpouchings in the colon wall?

Diverticulosis (or diverticulitis when inflamed).

During carbohydrate digestion, which enzyme in the mouth begins starch breakdown?

Salivary amylase.

Which pancreatic hormone lowers blood glucose by promoting storage?

Insulin.

Which hormone raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown?

Glucagon.

What process forms glucose from amino acids?

Gluconeogenesis.

Ketosis results from the breakdown of which macronutrient for energy?

Fat (fatty acids).

List three health risks associated with excess added sugar intake.

Obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease (plus dental cavities).

What is the AMDR for dietary fat?

20–35% of total daily calories.

How many kilocalories per gram do fats provide?

9 kcal per gram.

What is the basic structure of a triglyceride?

One glycerol backbone bound to three fatty acids.

Give two food examples of monounsaturated fat sources.

Olive oil and avocados (others acceptable).

Which essential fatty acid is an omega-3 obtained from flaxseed and walnuts?

Alpha-linolenic acid.

EPA and DHA are most abundant in what food category?

Fatty fish (e.g., salmon, mackerel).

Why are trans fats considered especially harmful to heart health?

They raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol.

Name two key roles of dietary fat besides energy provision.

Transport of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and insulation/nerve function.

In fat digestion, what substance made in the liver emulsifies fat in the small intestine?

Bile.

Long-chain fatty acids are absorbed into which transport particle before entering the lymph?

Chylomicrons.

Which enzyme on blood vessel walls releases fatty acids from chylomicrons for storage?

Lipoprotein lipase.

What term describes fats hidden in processed foods like sauces and baked goods?

Hidden fats.

Excessively low-fat diets may increase risk of what nutrient deficiencies?

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and potentially essential fatty acids.

What is the AMDR for protein?

10–35% of total daily calories.

How many kilocalories per gram do proteins provide?

4 kcal per gram.

How many essential amino acids are required in the human diet?

Nine.

Which chemical element makes protein unique compared to carbs and fats?

Nitrogen.

What type of bond joins two amino acids?

Peptide bond.

Define ‘transamination’.

The process of transferring an amino group to form non-essential amino acids.

What level of protein structure refers to the sequence of amino acids?

Primary structure.

What is protein denaturation and give one cause.

Loss of 3D structure and function; caused by heat, acid, or mechanical agitation.

During gene expression, what is the name of the step that converts DNA to mRNA?

Transcription.

Which stomach acid both denatures protein and activates pepsinogen to pepsin?

Hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Name two key functions of body proteins besides building tissue.

Enzyme catalysis and hormone production (also antibodies, fluid balance, etc.).

Kwashiorkor is characterized by what visible symptom due to fluid imbalance?

Edema (swelling, especially of the belly).

What term describes combining two plant foods (e.g., rice + beans) to obtain all essential amino acids?

Complementary proteins.

People with PKU must avoid which amino acid and supplement which one?

Avoid phenylalanine; supplement tyrosine.

Under what physiological states would a person be in positive nitrogen balance?

Growth, pregnancy, or recovery from illness/injury.

What does the ‘protein sparing’ effect refer to?

Adequate carbs and fats prevent protein from being used for energy.

What condition results from severe calorie deficiency and presents as extreme wasting?

Marasmus.

Which lipoprotein transports dietary fat from the intestine shortly after a meal?

Chylomicron.

What test label term indicates the presence of industrial trans fat on an ingredient list?

“Partially hydrogenated oil.”

Which type of diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells?

Type 1 diabetes.

Insulin resistance and adult onset are hallmarks of which form of diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes.

Which two lipids make up the majority of cell membranes?

Phospholipids (with embedded cholesterol).