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Flint Water Crisis
Contamination event in Flint, Michigan (2014-2015).
Corrosion Control
Prevention method to reduce lead leaching in water.
Orthophosphate Treatment
Chemical method to inhibit lead corrosion.
Lead Service Lines
Pipes made of lead supplying drinking water.
Lead Contamination
Presence of lead exceeding safe drinking levels.
EPA Lead and Copper Rule
Regulation limiting lead in drinking water (15 μg/L).
Lead Levels
Concentration of lead in water samples.
Hazardous Waste Levels
Lead concentrations exceeding 5000 μg/L.
Corrosion Scale
Layer formed on pipes due to corrosion.
Mean Lead Concentration
Average lead level in Flint water (12.4 wt%).
Elemental Presence
Aluminum, Magnesium, and Phosphorus found in corrosion scale.
Inconsistent Corrosion
Variable lead levels indicating differing pipe conditions.
Lead Phosphates
Compounds stabilizing lead in service lines.
Corrosion Disruption
Loss of protective layers leading to lead release.
Aluminum Silicates
Minerals replacing lead phosphates after corrosion.
Magnesium Silicates
Minerals contributing to corrosion scale changes.
Porosity Trends
Increased porosity near water-contacting surfaces.
Sample Preparation
Method to analyze pipe samples for corrosion.
Scanning Electron Microscope
Instrument used for high-resolution imaging of samples.
Correlation Coefficient
Statistical measure of relationship between variables.
Negative Correlation
Inverse relationship between lead and aluminum/magnesium levels.
Scatter Plots
Graphical representation of variable correlations.
Sampling Periods
Different times when water samples were collected.
Water Chemistry Changes
Alterations affecting lead release and corrosion rates.
Long-term Stability
Assessment of corrosion scales over time.
