Lecture 15

Epidemiology and etiology of depression

increases

The lifetime prevalence of MDD _____ as children age to reach 11% between 13-18 y/o

risk

Earlier onset of depression is generally associated with higher _______ for more severe/chronic depression and other disorders later on

No because having depression in preschool is predictive of MDD 2 years later, regardless of if it lasted 2 weeks or not initially

Is the MDD duration criterion (2 weeks) important for preschool children? Why?

brain, emotional

Depressed preschoolers show altered _____ activity when viewing ______ faces compared to non-depressed kids

• Latin

• Black

→ SES

Racial/ethnic differences for MDD:

• ______ youth more likely than White youth to meet diagnostic criteria for a mood disorder

• ______ youth experience greater levels of mood disorders than White youth

→ Often linked with low ______ and discrimination

• help

• puberty

• interpersonal

• ruminating

Explanations for the gender gap in MDD:

• Girls in community samples are more likely to seek ______

• The onset of elevated rates of depression in girls coincides with ______ start, which may create more stress

• Girls are more vulnerable and exposed to ______ stress stemming from conflict with peers

• Girls are more likely to cope by ______, alone or with a friend

• parents

• 14

• 75%

Biological factors associated with depression:

• Children of depressed ______ are more likely to be depressed

• Children with a parent who was depressed as a child are ___x more likely to become depressed before age 13

• Heritability → between 35%-___%

Prenatal depression → increased levels of cortisol → effects on fetus → internalizing problems

How is prenatal depression associated with depression in kids?

• negative

• option

• assertive

• able

• positive, less

Links between social-cognitive processing and depression:

• Selecting ______ interpretations → occurs outside of consciousness

  Picking the most negative _______ available

• Identifying fewer _______ strategies

• Reporting themselves less ______ to carry out assertive strategies

• Evaluating avoidant strategies as more likely to result in _______ outcomes and assertive strategies as _____ likely to result in positive outcomes

negative

Daughters of mothers who had depression showed interpretation biases → they showed preference for _______ words if depression related

• prosocial

• assertive

• avoidant

• aggressive

• problematic

Behaviours associated with depression in children:

• Less ______

• Less ______

• More _______ and withdrawn

• More hostile and _______

• Responding to challenging interpersonal situations in _______ ways

• Stress exposure model: stress exposure → depression

• Stress generation model: depression → generates stress/exposure to stressful life events

What are the differences between the stress exposure model of depression and the stress generation model of depression?

• dependent, generation

• interpersonal

• independent

• highest

• interpersonal, exacerbate

Study on how stress relates to depression:

• Depression was associated with _______, interpersonal stress → supports stress ______ hypothesis

• Depression wasn’t associated with dependent, non-______ stress

• Depression wasn’t associated with ______ stressors

• Children with comorbidity experienced the _______ levels of both interpersonal and non-interpersonal dependent stress

Implications:

• Youth with depression are more likely to generate problematic ______ circumstances → this may ______ depression

• Strong

• younger

• dependent

Meta-analysis of studies on the stress generation model of depression:

• ______ support for this model

• Stress generation effect in dependant stressors is stronger in ______ samples

• Stress generation effect stronger for ______ vs. independent stressors

healthy

It may be more difficult to maintain ______, close, protective friendships when depressed

It leads to more depressive and anxious symptoms, not friendship quality

→ BUT discussing the problem repeatedly and speculating about what might happen increases friendship quality and closeness, without increasing depressive or anxious symptoms

How does co-rumination (dwelling on problems without solving them with a friend) affect people’s depression?

• unstable

• contagious

• other

Reassurance seeking between friends:

• Is associated with ______ friendships

• Causes depressive symptoms to become _____ between the 2 friends

• The depressive symptoms of each person impact the ______