ITP pdf memory

implicit memory

implicit memory

Memory that is suggested but not plainly expressed, often demonstrated through actions without conscious awareness.

priming

The activation of specific associations in memory, usually as a result of repetition and without conscious effort.

retrospective memory

Memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, which includes both explicit and implicit memories.

prospective memory

Memory to perform an act in the future, such as remembering to pay a bill.

explicit memory

Also known as declarative memory; it expresses specific information clearly and distinctly.

episodic memory

Memory of events that happen to a person, requiring deliberate recall, such as remembering a birthday.

semantic memory

General knowledge and information that does not rely on a specific event, such as knowing facts.

sensory memory

The initial stage of memory that briefly holds impressions of sensory stimuli.

echoic memory

The sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.

hippocampus

A part of the limbic system that is crucial for the formation of new memories.

encode

1. modifies information so that it can be placed in memory; encoding is the first stage of information processing.

storage

1. the maintenance of information over time; the second stage of information processing.

retrieval

1. the location of stored information and its return to consciousness; the third stage of information processing.

maintenance rehearsal

mental repetition of information to keep it in memory.

elaborative rehearsal

the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known.

memory

the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

sensory memory

the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus; holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous.

memory trace

an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.

icon

a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.

iconic memory

the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli.

eidetic imagery

the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.

echo

a mental representation of an auditory stimulus (sound) that is held briefly in sensory memory.

echoic memory

the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.

serial position effect

the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.

chunk

a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.

displace

in memory theory, to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.

repression

in Freud’s psychodynamic theory, the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.

schemas

a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.

what is TOT?

tip of the tongue

tip of the tongue phenomenon

the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved; also called the feeling-of- knowing experience.

context dependent memory

information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned.

state dependent memory

information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned.

nonsense syllables

meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory.

paired associates

nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.

method of savings

a measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated.

savings

the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed.

interference theory

the view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it.

retroactive interference

the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.

proactive

the interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

infantile amnesia

inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so; also termed childhood amnesia.

anterograde amnesia

failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.

retrograde amnesia

failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.