American Government Roots and Reform: Chapter 1

Thomas Hooker

________ believed Calvinist Puritans were too narrow- minded; though all men should have right to vote regardless of religious views or property qualifications.

Government

________: the formal vehicle through which policies are made and affairs of state are conducted.

Pope Alexander VI

________ issued a proclamation in 1494 that drew a north /south line through the Western Hemisphere (west= Spain, east= Portugal) as nations began to compete for lands.

Christopher Columbus

In 1492, ________ landed in the Bahamas on a quest to find a better water route to Indias trade system.

Defense budget

________ is considerable + controversial proportion of federal outlays.

New England

________ evolved differently from South bc of puritanical values + sectionalism.

Constitution

________ authorizes Congress to create federal judicial system to dispense justice.

Enlightenment

________: a philosophical movement in 18th- century Europe; its adherents advocated liberty and tolerance of individual differences, decried religious and political abuses, and rejected the notion of an absolute monarch.

Politics

________: the study of who gets what, when, and how- or how policy decisions are made.

customs

Not homogenous: their cultures, ________, values, and political systems varied widely.

William Penn

________: Quaker leader and supporter of religious tolerance who founded Pennsylvania.

America

An aging ________ imposes a great financial burden on working Americans, whose proportion in population is rapidly declining.

aka Pilgrims

1620: a group of Protestants (Puritans, ________) left Europe on Mayflower for Virginia but ended up in Plymouth (Massachusetts)

George Calvert

1632: King Charles I granted ________ (first Lord Baltimore) a charter to establish Maryland (Catholic colony)

Anne Hutchinson

________ (midwife + minister) also believed Massachusetts churches had lost touch with the Holy Spirit; many followers were women attracted to her progressive ideas of importance of religious tolerance + equality and rights of women.

Donald J Trump

________: the 45th president, a Republican elected in 2016; first president elected without prior political or military experience; an experienced businessman.

Roger Williams

________: seventeenth century religious and political leader who was expelled by Puritans in Massachusetts and then established the colony of Providence Plantations that later became Rhode Island.

Framers

________ set forth key functions of American govt + guarantees to people through the Constitution (first words confirmed source of power in new political system)

Williams

________ helped to establish Providence Plantations (colony), named for ‘ Gods merciful Providence, which ________ believed allowed his followers to find a place to settle.

Mayflower

________: the ship carrying Pilgrim settlers from England whose arrival in Massachusetts in 1620 is considering a founding moment for the nation.

Ppl

________ can act as they wish so long as they dont infringe on the rights of others.

Commerce

________ was the most common initial reason for settlement in North America.

Republic

________: a government rooted in the consent of the governed; a representative or indirect democracy.

Spain

________ had settlements in Florida and eventually the entire Southwest + the lands of the Louisiana Purchase.

Democracy

________: a system of government that gives power to the people, whether directly or through elected representatives.

American Dream

________: an American ideal of a happy, successful life, which often assumes wealth, a house, and a better life for ones children.

American government

________ is rooted in the cultures and experiences of early European colonists as well as interactions with the indigenous populations of the New World.

Bill of Rights

________ has amendments for administration of justice.

Civil War

________: philosophical differences abt govt and slavery.

Racial + ethnic composition

________ has changed dramatically over past 50 years: Hispancs overtaking African Americans as 2nd largest racial /ethnic group; Asian Americans are fastest growing minority.

Thomas Hooker

________: colonial- era politician who supported expanded voting rights.

Anne Hutchinson

________: seventeenth century political leader and thinker who supported religious liberty.

Roger Williams

1631: ________ preaches extreme separation from Church of England, questioned right of Europeans to settle on native lands.

Not homogenous

their cultures, customs, values, and political systems varied widely

1st permanent English colony

Jamestown, Virginia (1607) by a joint stock company

1619

first slaves arrived

1609

Dutch New Netherland Company settled along Hudson + lower Delaware Rivers (called New Netherlands)

1626

Dutch West India Company purchased Manhattan Island from a tribe + established trading posts on the Hudson River

Fort Orange (Albany, NY) + New Amsterdam (NYC Manhattan Island)

populated by salaried employees, not colonies

Settlers from Finland, Germany, Sweden + free black people

created own system of cultural inclusiveness that makes NYCs citizenry unique

1620

a group of Protestants (Puritans, aka Pilgrims) left Europe on Mayflower for Virginia but ended up in Plymouth (Massachusetts)

1631

Roger Williams preaches extreme separation from Church of England, questioned right of Europeans to settle on native lands

1635

Williams banished from Boston colony for ‘heretical views by local magistrates

1632

King Charles I granted George Calvert (first Lord Baltimore) a charter to establish Maryland (Catholic colony)

1681

King Charles II bestowed William Penn (Quaker) a charter giving him sole ownership of land north of Maryland (Pennsylvania, or Penns Woods) → ethnic and religious diversity

Section 1.2

Functions of American Government

Settlers in colonial America were driven by many reasons

religious freedom, economic gain, etc

A major purpose of govt is to defend its citizens against threats of foreign aggression (early years

many thought that this was its main function; ex

Over time, our notions of what govt should do / how it should be involved have expanded (now includes

Social Security, interstate highways, public school funding)

Section 1.3

The Changing American People

Mid-late 1700s

slaves from Africa

Gold Rush (1848) onward

Chinese laborers to work on railroads (CA)

1850s

Irish Catholics escaping potato famine (Northeast)

1880s-1910s

Northern + Eastern Europans

Modern

South + Southeast Asians, Cubans, Mexians

Racial + ethnic composition has changed dramatically over past 50 years

Hispancs overtaking African Americans as 2nd largest racial/ethnic group; Asian Americans are fastest growing minority

Some states

members of minority groups are already the majority of residents

Big regional difference

North and South

Constitutional Convention

South wanted weak natl govt, North wanted strong

Civil War

philosophical differences abt govt and slavery

Modern

South lags in civil rights support, favors return of power to states and downsizing natl govt

West

first populated by those seeking free land, then of those chasing gold; ‘wild

Today

some to avoid city life + have ant-govt bias; others attracted to sunshine + natural resources, seek govt solutions to problems like drought + environmental degradation

Another difference

rural vs. urban areas

Past

clearly defined familial gender roles

government

 the formal vehicle through which policies are made and affairs of state are conducted

Mayflower

 the ship carrying Pilgrim settlers from England whose arrival in Massachusetts in 1620 is considering a founding moment for the nation

Roger Williams

seventeenth century religious and political leader who was expelled by Puritans in Massachusetts and then established the colony of Providence Plantations that later became Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson

 seventeenth century political leader and thinker who supported religious liberty

Thomas Hooker

colonial-era politician who supported expanded voting rights

William Penn

 Quaker leader and supporter of religious tolerance who founded Pennsylvania

democracy

 a system of government that gives power to the people, whether directly or through elected representatives

republic

 a government rooted in the consent of the governed; a representative or indirect democracy

Enlightenment

 a philosophical movement in 18th-century Europe; its adherents advocated liberty and tolerance of individual differences, decried religious and political abuses, and rejected the notion of an absolute monarch

American Dream

an American ideal of a happy, successful life, which often assumes wealth, a house, and a better life for ones children

Donald J. Trump

 the 45th president, a Republican elected in 2016; first president elected without prior political or military experience; an experienced businessman