Bio IQ#1 SC10: SI 2025

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DNA Structure, Protein Synthesis, Mutations

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38 Terms

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mRNA

type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

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complementary base pairing

In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C; In RNA, U replaces T and pairs with A

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cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

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nucleus

organelle containing DNA

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amino acid

building block of protein

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adenine

pairs with uracil in RNA

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cytosine

pairs with guanine

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nitrogenous bases

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracail

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deoxyribose

sugar in DNA

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ribose

sugar in RNA

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nucleotide

consists of a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen base

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transcription

process by which a section of DNA is used to produce a single-stranded RNA molecule

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translation

the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

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tRNA

type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis

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ribosome

found in the cytoplasm, an organelle where amino acids are bonded together to form proteins

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DNA

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

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codon

A three base sequence on an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid

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the nucleus

the place where transcription takes place

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Protein Synthesis

process of making a protein, subdivided into transcription and translation

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stop codon

codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation

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positive mutation

beneficial to an organism

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neutral mutation

no effect on the organism, most common type of mutation

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negative mutation

have a negative effect on the organism

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point mutations

when a nitrogenous base is replaced by another

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silent mutation

a type of point mutation, alterned codon codes for the same amino acid, no effect on protein function

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missense mutation

a type of point mutation, altered codon codes for a different amino acid, may have effect on protein function

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nonsense mutation

a type of point mutation, a codon that codes for an amino acid is turned into a stop codon. Results in a shortened protein

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deletions

a mutation that occurs when one or more nitrogenous base pairs are lost from DNA

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frameshift mutations

deletion or insertion of nucleotides shifts the “Reading frame” of the gene, multiples of 3 nitrogenous bases being affected results in no change

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insertions

when additional nitrogenous base pairs are added to a sequence

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nonstop mutation

a mutation where the stop codon is altered to a sense codon, resulting in a much longer protein

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sense codon

a codon encoding for an amino acid

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startloss mutation

a point mutation with the start codon, which prevents the initiation of protein translation

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pyrimidine

has one sugar ring, includes cytosine, uracil and thymine

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purine

has two sugar rings, includes adenine and guanine

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hydrogen bonds

holds the two strands of the double helix together; AT has 2 bonds, CG has 3 bonds

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polypeptide chain

a linear sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

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redundancy in codons

multiple codons code for the same amino acid, can minimize impact of point mutations on protein function