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DNA Structure, Protein Synthesis, Mutations
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mRNA
type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
complementary base pairing
In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C; In RNA, U replaces T and pairs with A
cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
nucleus
organelle containing DNA
amino acid
building block of protein
adenine
pairs with uracil in RNA
cytosine
pairs with guanine
nitrogenous bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracail
deoxyribose
sugar in DNA
ribose
sugar in RNA
nucleotide
consists of a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen base
transcription
process by which a section of DNA is used to produce a single-stranded RNA molecule
translation
the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
tRNA
type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis
ribosome
found in the cytoplasm, an organelle where amino acids are bonded together to form proteins
DNA
A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
codon
A three base sequence on an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid
the nucleus
the place where transcription takes place
Protein Synthesis
process of making a protein, subdivided into transcription and translation
stop codon
codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation
positive mutation
beneficial to an organism
neutral mutation
no effect on the organism, most common type of mutation
negative mutation
have a negative effect on the organism
point mutations
when a nitrogenous base is replaced by another
silent mutation
a type of point mutation, alterned codon codes for the same amino acid, no effect on protein function
missense mutation
a type of point mutation, altered codon codes for a different amino acid, may have effect on protein function
nonsense mutation
a type of point mutation, a codon that codes for an amino acid is turned into a stop codon. Results in a shortened protein
deletions
a mutation that occurs when one or more nitrogenous base pairs are lost from DNA
frameshift mutations
deletion or insertion of nucleotides shifts the “Reading frame” of the gene, multiples of 3 nitrogenous bases being affected results in no change
insertions
when additional nitrogenous base pairs are added to a sequence
nonstop mutation
a mutation where the stop codon is altered to a sense codon, resulting in a much longer protein
sense codon
a codon encoding for an amino acid
startloss mutation
a point mutation with the start codon, which prevents the initiation of protein translation
pyrimidine
has one sugar ring, includes cytosine, uracil and thymine
purine
has two sugar rings, includes adenine and guanine
hydrogen bonds
holds the two strands of the double helix together; AT has 2 bonds, CG has 3 bonds
polypeptide chain
a linear sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
redundancy in codons
multiple codons code for the same amino acid, can minimize impact of point mutations on protein function