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Griffith's experiment
Reported in 1928 by Fredrick Griffith
genetic transformation
Taking DNA from one organism and putting it into another organism so they exhibit the trait.
Avery
MacLeod
Hershey-Chase Experiment
confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because only radiolabeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria
Chargaff's Rule
double helix
two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA
DNA replication
DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is important in puberty and other times of growth as it is the reproducing of your cells.
primase
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.
helicase
An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
DNA polymerase III
synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction; adds on the 3' side
DNA polymerase I
Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides; adding nucleotides on the 3' end
topoisomerase
corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking
ligase
An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment
Okazaki fragments
Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication
leading strand
The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction towards the replication fork
lagging strand
A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments
telomeres
Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.
telomerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres.
PCR
(polymerase chain reaction) a method used to rapidly make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA; can be used to make millions of copies of DNA from a very small amount of DNA
5' end of DNA
phosphate group on the C5 carbon of the sugar
3' end of DNA
refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of deoxyribose sugar
semi-conservative replication
in each new DNA double helix
purines
Bases with a double-ring structure.
Adenine and Guanine
pyrimidines
bases with a single ring structure
nucleotide
A building block of DNA
Polymerases add nucleotides on the
3' end of the strand being built
prokaryotic cell genetic material
DNA is a single molecule
eukaryotic cell genetic material
DNA is bound in a nucleus- DNA can also be found in some organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
