ANAT1101 Module 1 Organization of the Human Body

Anatomy

The study of the structures of the body.

Physiology

The study of how the body functions.

Organizations of the Body

1. Atoms

2. Molecules

3. Organelles

4. Cells

5. Tissues

6. Organs

7. Organ Systems

8. Human

Atoms

The smallest units of matter.

Molecule

Atoms bonded together.

Organelle

Units in a cell that perform a specific function.

Cells

The smallest living unit. They make up all living organisms and perform essential functions.

Tissues

Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Organs

Structures made up of different tissues that work together to perform specific functions in the body.

Organ System

A group of organs that work together to carry out complex functions necessary for the survival and health of an organism.

Human

All organ systems working together.

Integumentary System

Consists of:

• Skin

• Hair

• Nails

Key Functions

• Protection

• Temperature Regulation

• Water Retention

• Sensation

Nervous System

Consists of:

• Brain

• Spinal Cord

Key Functions

• Control, regulation, and coordination of other systems.

  • Faster response than the Endocrine System.

• Sensation

• Thinking and processing.

Endocrine System

Consists of:

• Pituitary Gland

• Adrenal Gland

• Thyroid Gland

• Parathyroid Gland

• Pancreas

Key Functions

• Control, regulation, and coordination of other systems.

  • Slower but longer lasting than the Nervous System.

• Hormone production.

Circulatory System

Consists of:

• Heart

• Arteries

• Veins

• Capillaries

Key Functions

• Distribution of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, immune cells.

• Elimination of wastes.

• Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

Respiratory System

Consists of:

• Lungs

• Nose

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

Key Functions

• Absorption of oxygen.

• Discharge of carbon dioxide.

• Acid-base balance

• Speech

Lymphatic System

Consists of:

• Lymph nodes

• Lymphatic vessels

• Lymph

• Spleen

• Thymus

Key Functions

• Fluid balance

• Maintains blood pressure

• Defense against disease

Urinary System

Consists of:

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Urinary Bladder

• Urethra

Key Functions

• Excretion of wastes.

• Control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

Digestive System

Consists of:

• Mouth

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small and Large Intestines

• Liver

• Pancreas

Key Functions

• Breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

• Elimination of wastes.

Skeletal System

Consists of:

• Bones

• Cartilages

• Ligaments

Key Functions

• Protection

• Support

• Movement

• Blood cell formation

• Stores minerals

Muscular System

Consists of:

• Skeletal muscle

• Smooth muscle

• Cardiac muscle

Key Functions

• Movement

• Posture

• Heat production

Reproductive System

Consists of:

• Testes

• Vas deferens

• Ovary

• Uterus

Key Functions

• Produce offspring

Anatomical Position

• Standing upright with arms at sides.

• Face, palms, and feet face forwards.

• It is used when communicating between health professionals.

• Right and left are the patient’s right and left.

Proximal

• Usually applies to limbs (arms or legs).

• Closest to the trunk/origin (shoulders, chest, lower abdomen, back, buttocks)

Distal

• Usually applies to limbs (arms or legs).

• Farthest to the trunk/origin (shoulders, chest, lower abdomen, back, buttocks)

Medial

• Toward the body’s midline/center.

Lateral

• Away from the body’s midline/center.

Anterior

• Also called as Ventral.

• Toward the front of the body.

Posterior

• Also called as Dorsal.

• Toward the back of the body.

Superior

• Above the body; toward the head.

Inferior

• Toward the lower part of the body.

Superficial

• Located near the surface of the body or a structure, often used to describe the position of organs or tissues.

Deep

• Away from the surface of the body or a structure, indicating a position that is further inward compared to superficial.

Body Planes

• Divide the body or organs into sections.

Sagittal Plane

• Divides into right and left sides of the body.

Frontal Plane

• Also called as Coronal plane.

• It divides into anterior and posterior sides.

Transverse Plane

• It divides into superior and inferior sides.

Body Regions

• It describe the body areas for medical exams and procedures,

Body Cavities

• These are the spaces in the body that house organs.

Ventral Cavity

• It is the front of the body.

• It is separated into thoracic and abdomen by diaphragm.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

• It contains the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

Dorsal Cavity

• It is at the back of the body.

• It is a continuous cavity.

• It contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.

Cranial Cavity

• It contains the brain.

Spinal Cavity

• It contains the spine.

Mediastinum

• It contains the heart.

Pleural Cavity

• It contains the lungs.

Abdominal Cavity

• It contains many digestive organs.

Pelvic Cavity

• It contains the bladder and reproductive organs.

Homeostasis

• It is the state of internal balance, despite changes to the internal or external environment.

• It is kept stable and within the narrow range through participation of all organ systems.

• It is mainly achieved by negative feedback.

Negative Feedback

• It is when the end result shuts off the system.

• It prevents a change from becoming too large so homeostasis can be maintained.

Positive Feedback

• It is when the end-product reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the system (until it shuts off due to another stimulus).