Self-Regulated Learning: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions

These vocabulary flashcards cover key concepts, psychological biases, and learning techniques from the review 'Self-Regulated Learning: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions' by Bjork, Dunlosky, and Kornell.

Self-Regulated Learning

The process by which individuals manage their own learning activities, which has become a critical survival tool as learning increasingly occurs outside formal classroom settings.

Desirable Difficulties

Learning manipulations such as spacing, variation, interleaving, and generating that introduce challenges and slow the rate of apparent learning during acquisition but enhance long-range retention and transfer.

Hindsight Bias

The tendency, once information is made available, to think that one knew it all along, which can make judgments of what to study unreliable when the information is at hand.

Foresight Bias

The failure to take into account the difference between study and test situations, leading to an over-prediction of future performance because the answer is present during study but absent at test.

Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

A phenomenon where the act of retrieving specific information makes it more recallable in the future but renders competing information associated with the same cues less accessible.

Metacognitive Monitoring

The process of assessing the current state of one's learning, including judgments of learning and feeling-of-knowing judgments.

Metacognitive Control

The process of responding to assessments of learning by making decisions such as item selection, study termination, or search strategy selection.

Judgments of Learning (JOLs)

Predictions made by a learner regarding the probability that they will remember recently studied information on a future test.

Stability Bias

A memory bias where individuals act as though their memory will not change in the future, leading them to underestimate how much they can learn through further study and ignore how much they will forget over time.

Retrieval Fluency

A subjective index based on the ease and speed with which information comes to mind, often used as a heuristic to judge how well something is known.

Encoding Fluency

The subjective feeling that it is easy or difficult to learn a piece of information, which can mislead learners into believing that easily processed material is better learned.

Perceptual Fluency

An experience-based cue where items that are subjectively easier to process at a perceptual level (e.g., larger fonts or louder volume) are incorrectly judged as more memorable.

Inductive Learning

The process of learning a general concept or category by observing specific examples, such as learning to differentiate between different artists' painting styles.

Hypercorrection Effect

The finding that feedback is especially effective when it follows an error that was made with high confidence rather than low confidence.

Interleaving

A practice schedule that involves mixing study or practice sessions on separate tasks or topics rather than blocking them, which triggers comparisons that foster better retention and transfer.

Growth Mindset

The belief that an individual's capacity to learn is not fixed but can be developed through training, effort, and practice.

Delayed JOL Effect

The occurrence of highly accurate metacognitive monitoring (gamma > $0.9$) when judgments of learning are made after a delay and based on the cue only, rather than immediately after study.

Memory for Past Test Heuristic

A mental strategy where learners base their judgments of learning on their performance on the most recent test of that material, regardless of subsequent study opportunities.

Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ)

An 81-item assessment tool that measures 15 subscales pertaining to student motivation and general learning strategies such as elaboration, rehearsal, and organization.

Region of Proximal Learning

A framework for the allocation of study time where students prioritize studying the easiest items that they have not yet mastered.