Richard and John (Erin)

Give the order of the feudal hierarchy from highest to lowest

God, King, nobles/barons, knights, freemen, peasants

Give + and - of guilds for freemen

• They would take care of the family of a dead/sick member

• They could kick members out, they could force people to redo work or compensate for poor labour

What % of land was held by who?

20%, royal demesne (king)

25% Church

55% noblemen/knights

Give 2 features of labour service that peasants had to provide to their lord

Week-work - farming on the lord’s land on certain days of the week doing things like sowing crops or looking after animals

Boon-work - helping to bring in the harvest on the lord’s land

Why did people do what the Church told them? (think religious beliefs)

People believed God decided if you went to Heaven or Hell and they wanted to avoid spending a long time in purgatory. The Church gave people advice on how to best please God

Give 3 methods that people used to improve their chances of going to Heaven

donating money to the Church in exchange for prayers and services for you, going on pilgrimage, going to Church every week

Give 2 reasons why monasteries were significant at the time

They copied out books, they cared for the poor or travellers

How much was the tithe collected by priests in villages?

1/10 of everyone’s crops every year

Give 3 reasons why the Pope was of political importance, especially to the king

the Pope was technically above the king for Catholics, he could call people to go on Crusade, he often got involved in European politics

Give 3 details of things that would happen at a medieval king’s coronation

anointed with holy oil to signify that they were chosen by God, took a coronation oath promising to protect the Church and maintain justice, the nobles would pay homage to the king

When was Richard crowned king?

September 1189

Give 4 reasons why Richard had a strong claim to the throne

He was the eldest surviving son of Henry II and E of A (primogeniture), he had been Duke of Aquitaine since 1172, he was a great military leader, he was the favourite child of EofA

How long did R actually spend in England?

as little as 6 months

Who did R appoint as Chancellor and why was appointing a Chancellor significant in securing R’s power?

William Longchamp, there was someone to rule England whilst R was away, Longchamp was very loyal to R so R knew he could trust him and he would do a good job, barons didn’t like WL bc paid £3000 for the position

How did R control John (when going on crusade)?

He gave John land by making him Count of Mortain but didn’t give him any castles, also banned him from England for 3 years

What did Richard agree with William the Lion, King of Scotland to help secure his power?

He agreed that William wouldn’t have to pay him homage, therefore accepting Scotland as a separate country, but that William had to give up any claims he had to the land in Northern England

When was John crowned king?

May 1199

Give a reason why John did not have a strong claim to the throne

The rules of primogeniture dictated that Arthur, the son of Geoffrey (H and E’s eldest son), should’ve become king after Richard (even if Arthur was only 12 at the time of R’s death)

How did John’s marriage help to secure his power?

He married Isabelle of Angouleme, which meant he gained the support of the Count of Angouleme

Who did John appoint as Chancellor to help to ensure his position whilst John was regaining his lands in France and how did this help?

Hubert Walter, who had previously ran the country under Richard and was well-liked by most barons as he consulted with them often

When and where did John capture Arthur?

August 1202, Mirebeau

What did John’s rebellion in 1191 involve?

Whilst R was away on Crusade, John arrived in England and encouraged barons to rebel, setting up his own law courts and seizing control of several castles, as well as appointing his own sheriffs to collect taxes for him

Why was Hubert Walter a good justiciar and popular with the barons? (3 reasons)

He improved the justice system by appointing four knights in each area to deal with justice there, he regularly consulted with the barons, he had worked for Henry II so was experienced

Give 3 pieces of evidence to show that John was a good king to the people of England

He showed more of an active interest in governing England than his predecessors, he paid great attention to detail and kept accurate day-to-day records of the running of the country, gov. records show John could be generous and often gave to the poor

Why did John’s new men make him unpopular? (think in terms of how well they did their job)

Over time, John replaced more and more noblemen in powerful positions with his own men. These people were often inexperienced in government and exploited their positions. John also relied on a small group of people, meaning he had few supporters

Why did John’s new men make him unpopular with the barons specifically?

The new men took the place of wealthy barons in advising the king, meaning the barons had less influence, which angered them and showed how John, unlike R, was distrusting of the barons

What were the main economic reasons why John was unpopular? (2 reasons)

He raised money through taxes and fines for wars that were largely unsuccessful, causing hardship and financial struggle across the country. Many barons also owed John large sums of money due to his increasing demands

What did John do to the justice system that made him unpopular?

He took almost complete control and often “sold justice” and applied the law to benefit himself or his supporters. There are records of him accepting horses as bribes for a favourable verdict

How did the royal demesne raise money for R and J?

It provided income through the sale of crops and livestock, tallage was a land tax paid by peasants that also provided income, rent from towns and villages on the land

When and what was the tax on movables and income introduced?

1207, all men had to pay 1/13 of the value of their goods and possessions to the king

How did R in particular raise funds through the role of sheriffs?

He raised lots of money in 1189 by selling of roles as sheriff so that he could go on Crusade then charged these people again in 1194 to retain these positions to raise money for war in France

How was land for farming divided up within a field and what had to be kept the same within a field?

Divided into strips, same crop had to be grown in each strip within a field

Where were animals put during the day/at night in villages?

Grazed on common land around the village/were put into barns or homes for safety

How did markets in medieval villages work?

Traders would pay to rent a table or stall then people would sell or trade their surplus food and goods

What would take place at annual fairs in medieval towns?

Goods and animals were sold, people enjoyed drinking and sports, nearby villages would visit to sell goods too

What did town dwellers have to pay to the king?

Tallage (land tax)

What was the role of merchants?

They sold food, raw materials and textiles in towns across Europe, with some being very wealthy. They paid customs duties to the king for imported/exported goods

How many jews lived in England by 1200?

5,000

What was one restriction placed on Jewish people in respect to the king?

They and their possessions were legally property of the king and he could tax them whatever he wanted whenever he wanted

What was one restriction put on Jews by local authorities?

Some places banned them from having certain jobs and they often weren’t allowed to join guilds so couldn’t become tradespeople

Give 2 reasons why many Jews had jobs as moneylenders

The Christian Church banned charging usury so Christians couldn’t become moneylenders, Jews were often restricted in what jobs they could have

Name one very wealthy Jewish moneylender who was rumoured to be even richer than the king

Aaron of Lincoln

Why did rumours about rituals mean there was antisemitism in England?

From the mid 1100s, false rumours were spread about a “blood libel” ritual that took place at Passover and involved the killing of Christian children. Jews were often tortured if they were suspected of doing this so would often give false confessions to stop the torture.

Give one religious reason why there was antisemitism in England

They were accused of being “Christ Killers” as the Bible said Jews had condemned Jesus to die on the cross. In 1205, the Pope made this official and said they should always serve Christians as a punishment for this

How much did the Jews have to pay towards Richard’s ransom and why was this detrimental?

£3375, such a huge amount of money meant many Jews were left penniless for up to a decade

Give one economic reason for the Jewish pogroms

Many of the people leading the pogroms were landholders who owed vast sums of money to Jewish moneylenders. During the pogroms, they burned the books that kept records of debts owed to Jews

When were the anti-Semitic pogroms in England?

1189-90

What happened in March 1190 as part of the pogroms?

Riots broke out in places like York and Bury St Edmunds. 150 Jews sought refuge from the violence at Clifford’s Tower in York Castle but the tower was burned down, the with many Jews committing suicide first to avoid being captured and forced to convert

Which pope issued the papal bull describing the attacks on Christians and called for the 3rd Crusade and when did this happen?

Gregory VIII, 29th October 1187

What did Pope Urban II and later Pope Gregory VIII offer to people who went on crusade?

Full indulgence

How many hired soldiers went on the 3rd Crusade that were hired by R?

8,000

Who went on crusade in accompaniment with the knights?

Many knight’s squires and the other members of their military households

What did people who went on crusade have to do before? (think ceremonial)

take the cross

Give a reason why people were supportive of the Crusades (other than the king)

Many people were horrified by the news that Jerusalem was under Muslim control and felt it was the Christian duty of the crusaders to take it back

Explain why the Saladin Tithe provided a financial incentive for people to go on crusade

The Saladin Tithe was created to pay for transportation to the Holy Land and for the huge costs to raise an army. Crusaders didn’t have to pay this tax

Explain why debts were a financial incentive for going on crusade

When soldiers were away, repayment of debts were postponed until after they got back and they were assured their family would be taken care of

Explain how revenge was a key factor (partly religious) for people to go on crusade

Rumours circulated that the cross at the hospital in Jerusalem had been torn down by Muslims and there were paintings showing the Muslim soldiers allowing their horses to urinate on Christian graves

Why was respect a factor for going on crusade?

For many young knights, especially those who were not the first son, the crusades provided an opportunity for them to make their name and earn a title and respect, as well as bringing honour to their families

What did R give Phillip as a dowry for marrying P’s sister but what happened with this?

the Vexin in France, he never married Phillip’s sister

When did Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire drown and why was this problematic?

June 1160, many of his men went home, reducing numbers and also furthering the rivalry between R and P as both of them wanted to lead the crusade

When did R arrive in Sicily, which city did he arrive at and what was he greeted with?

September 1190, Messina, a great ceremony

How did R try to pacify Phillip after the tension from the differing receptions in Sicily?

He gave him some of the money from the peace deal he made with Sicily’s ruler

When did Richard invade Cyprus and why was this problematic for his relationship with Phillip?

May 1191, R conquered the island before selling it for 100,000 gold coins and secured grain supplies for his army, he refused to give P any share of this

What did R do in Cyprus that went back on a promise he had made to P?

He married Berengaria of Navarre, going back on his agreement to marry P’s sister

Give 3 reasons why Phillip returned to France in August 1191

Annoyance at R, illness, news that the Count of Flanders had died so P’s lands were vulnerable to attack

When did P/R arrive in Acre?

January 1191/June 1191

What strategies did R and P use to take Acre?

Breached the walls with catapults, miners tunnelled underneath the walls

When did Saladin’s forces surrender Acre?`

July 1191

What agreements had R made with Saladin after the Christian gain of Acre that Saladin didn’t listen to?

Release of Muslim soldiers in exchange for money, Christian prisoners and the handing over of their weapons

When Saladin didn’t listen to the agreement he had made with R after the victory at Acre, what did R do?

He executed 2700 Muslim prisoners in sight of Saladin’s camp

How did R protect his troops on the walk from Acre to Jaffa?

He marched on the coastline so one side was protected by his ships (which also helped to provide supplies and a place to rest) and the other side was protected by archers and infantry

Where did Saladin intercept Richard as he marched from Acre to Jaffa and how many soldiers did S have?

Plain of Arsuf, 30,000

Why did Richard’s first march on Jerusalem fail?

He wanted to march to Ascalon but was persuaded by other crusade leaders to go to straight to Jerusalem. Poor weather slowed progress and rain and mud destroyed food, clothes and weapons. Progress was impossible so Richard redirected his soldiers to Ascalon

Why did the second march on Jerusalem fail?

July had brought warmer weather so the crusaders marched to Beit Nuba to then go on to seize Jerusalem. However, it was painfully hot and water supplies were limited as Saladin had poisoned the wells around Jerusalem. After great debate, Richard decided to retreat again.

Explain why leaving the coast would be problematic and therefore why the crusaders didn’t attacked Jerusalem (2 points)

Leaving the coastline would leave supply lines vulnerable to attack and could lead to the crusaders being cut off from their food and supplies, it would also open up the possibility of being surrounded by Muslim troops and attacked from all sides

What did Saladin try to do when the crusaders retreated to Ascalon for the second time after the second failed march on Jerusalem?

try to recapture Jaffa

Was Saladin successful in retaking Jaffa? Explain what happened

No - Richard led a surprise attack to save the town. However, Saladin regrouped and launched another attack, but R was able to successfully defend the city, with R’s bravery being reported by several sources at this battle. Both sides decided to stop fighting

After the battle of Jaffa, what did R and S sign to avoid further fighting?

Treaty of Jaffa

Why did Richard/Saladin sign the Treaty of Jaffa?

Richard had heard that his lands were under threat by John and Phillip II (who had already gone home from crusading)/Saladin was ill and running out of money to sustain a war

Give 4 things outlined at the Treaty of Jaffa?

Muslims remained in Jerusalem, Christians retained the coastline between Acre and Jaffa, Christians would be able to safely go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, there would be no fighting for three years

When did Richard set sail for home from the crusades?

October 1192

When was the Treaty of Jaffa signed?

September 1192

Why couldn’t Richard travel home from the crusades all the way by sea?

The Atlantic Ocean is too rough for ships during the winter

Why were Richard and Leopold of Austria enemies?

Richard had insulted Leopold at Acre during the crusade

Why were Richard and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor enemies?

Richard had supported Henry’s rival after the drowning of Frederick I in 1190

Why were Richard and Conrad of Montferrat enemies?

Richard had stopped Conrad from becoming king of Jerusalem

Why was it problematic for Richard that he couldn’t travel home from the Holy Land by sea?

He would have to cross through enemy territory

Where was R’s boat shipwrecked during his return home from the crusades?

northern Adriatic coast

When and where was Richard identified and arrested on his way home from the Holy Land?

Around Christmas 1192, Vienna

Who was Richard handed over to in February 1193 and why?

Henry VI, he was Leopold of Austria’s overlord

What punishment did Henry VI and Leopold of Austria receive for arresting Richard and why?

Excommunicated by the pope, crusaders were supposed to be allowed to travel freely across Europe

How much was Richard’s ransom?

£60,000W

How long did it take to raise R’s ransom and when was he released?

6 months, February 1194

How much was the tallage imposed on Jews to pay for R’s ransom?

£3375

What % tax was charged on movables and income to pay for R’s ransom?

25%

What did monks contribute to R’s ransom?

A year’s wool from Cistercian monks

Before Richard arrived once he had been freed from capture, what had Phillip taken that made it difficult for Richard to regain his land? (3 things)

Important castles like Gisors, most of Western Normandy due to help from John incl. the Vexin region, two harbours

Between what years was Chateau Gaillard built?

1196-98

When Richard was trying to regain Normandy, what did P eventually agree to? And when?

Richard could take back all the land that Phillip had captured except for Gisors. January 1199

How did bribery help Richard to regain Normandy

He bribed several noblemen to switch to his side, thus giving him more knights and greater control over his lands.