Bio 222- Living Plant

“Anatomy” refers to…

The internal structure of an organism.

“Development” refers to…

Cellular changes and processes that occur prior to maturity.

“Morphology” refers to…

The external shape of an organism.

The three aspects of plant growth

Division, Expansion and Differentiation.

States in the cell cycle

G1, S, G2, and M.

Growth (Maturing)

DNA Synthesis

Growth in preperation for Mitosis

Mitosis

What is the organized process that cell growths occurs

AnApatiotemporal sequence

From the tip up, the root system zones are…

The division zone, the elongation zone, and the differentiation zone.

Dividing Cells can also be called…

Meristematic Cells

In the division zone, meristematic cells are…

Small and cytoplasmitcally dense, with no central vacuole.

In the expansion zone, expanding cells are…

Elongating and the central vacuole is beginning to form.

Terminal Bud

The shoot apex. The end of the shoot system or the end of the main shoot.

Petiole

The “Stem” attaching a leaf to the shoot.

Blade

The flat area of the leaf

Axillary/Lateral Bud

An embryptoic shoot coming from the axis that has the potential to become a new leaf or branch

Internode

The empty spaces of a shoot between branches or petioles

Vegetative shoot

A branch that has additional branches and stems coming off of it.

Node

Where a branch or petiole meets the main shoot/axis.

Lateral root

Roots coming off of the primary root, moving laterally in the soil.

Primary root

The root originating from the embryo

Lenticel

Breaks in the epidermis of a woody plant to allow for gas exchange.

Bud scars

The scale that develops over where a petiole grew. Seen in winter.

Random cellulose mircofibril oreintation will result in …

Round cell shape

Parralell cellulose microfibril orientation will result in…

Rectangular

Cell elongation is always … to the cellulose microfibrils.

Perpendicular

Spherical cells will … during expansion.

Expand uniformially

Rectangular cells will … during expansion.

Elongate

The basic compenents of a cell wall are…

Cellulose, hemicellulose, Pectin, Proteins, and water.

Plasmodesma

A channel that is shared between two cells to allow passage of water and solutes. The plant cell is equivalent to a gap junction.

Middle Lamella

A space between two cells

Cellulose Synthase is a …

Mobile enzyme that makes cellulose microfibrils within the plasma membrane.

Secondary walls

Are formed internally to the primary walls to provide structural support via alternating microfribril orientation.

Lignin

Gives mechanical strength to teh secondary walls. A hydrophivic polymer that fills space between cellulose to make the cell walls more. hydrophobic.

Layers of the Secondary cell wall

S1, S2 and S3.

Functions of the secondary wall

Structual Support, Protection (against pathogens and stresses), Waterproofing (within the plant), Water Transport (in tracheary elements.

Primary cell walls are characterised by…

Appearance in every cell,

deposited mostly during cell expansion,

thin and flexible,

one layer in the middle lamella,

typicallly no lignin,

hydrophillic.

Secondary Cell Walls are characterized by…

Not present in all cells,

Deposited after completion of cell expansion,

Thick and rigid

multiple layers

lignin present

Hydrophobic

Pits

Holes in the secondary cell walls allow water and solutes to move between cells. Secondary cell walls avoid the primary pits fields and leave the plasmodesmata and primary cell walls exposed to become pits.

Three tissue systems in plants

Dermal, Ground, Vascular

Primary Tissues are…

Formed by primary growth, increasing the lenght of the organ. Cells for this grown are supplied by the primary meristems. Only stage for herbaceous plants.

Secondary Tissues are…

Formed by secondary growth, increases organ width and is found in woody plants. Cells for this growth are supplied by the secondary meristems.

In a typical dicot, veins are … in the stem, … in the root, and … in the leaf

in a ring in the stem, singular veined in the root, and one central and multiple smaller in the leaf.

The functions of the dermal tissue system

Control of substances entering and leaving the plant, protection from the environment.

Cuticle

A waxy hydrophobic substance covering the dermal tissue.

Lotus effect

The beading of water off of a leaf. Caused by the cuticle.

Criteria for determining cell type

Shape, status at maturity, cytoplasm, distribution in plant, cell wall

Types of Dermal Tissues

Unspecialized (Pavemnent), Gaurd cells, Trichomes

Function of the Epidermal (Pavement) cells

Protection and support.

Trichomes

Outgrowths that give plants the fuzzy appearance.

Functions of trichomes

Protection from insects, limiting water loss, reflection of sunlight, exude chemicals for defense or attraction.

Two types of trichomes

Non-secretory (Stalks) and Secretory (Glandular) (Bulbs)

Function of the sectreory trichome

Bursting of the glandular trichome will release a smell into the air or whatever touched it. Can be for attraction of pollinators or for deterant.

Location and Function of Gaurd Cells

The stoma consists of two guard cells, which control what moves in and out of the cell by expanding or deflating via changes in turgor pressure. due to

A stoma is … when the gaurd cells have low turgor pressure

Closed

Substomal chamber

A cavity above the stomatal complex that allows for gas exchnage directly after air enters the plant.

Root Epidermal cells are in two categories. … and …

Trichoblasts and Atrichoblasts

Location and Function of Trichoblasts

Epidermal hair cells in the root system. Increases the surface area to allow for a greater water and nurtirent absorption.

Location and Functions of Atrichoblasts

Epidermal non-hair cells in the root system. Provides support and evenly spaces the hair cells.

Cork Cambium

Bark a periderm derived from the secondary meristem.

The Ground Tissue system is called the — in Stems, the — in leaves, and the — in roots.

The Cortex and pith in stems, the Mesophyll in roots, and the Cortex in roots

The ground tissue system is made up of — tissue, — tissue, and — tissue.

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.

Functions of Parenchyma cells

Storage, Secretion, Photosynthesis

Function of Collenchyma

Ground tissue cells that provide flexable suppport to new growth by the non-uniform thickening of cell walls.

The cell walls in Collenchyma have a high — content

Pectin

Collenchyma can be found uniformly around the — or external to —

Cortex or external to vascular bundles.

Collenchyma can be identified by

Thick walls with no extra cellular spaces,

Sclerenchyma is defined by 3 characteristics they are…

Thick, lignified secondary walls, dead at maturity, present in ground and vascular tissue.

2 types of Sclerenchyma

Fibers and Sclereids

Sclerenchyma fibers …

They are long and narrow with pointed overlapping end walls, protect delicate tissues, and provide rigid support. Appear in cross sections as tightly packed (usually red stained) smaller cells that line the outer correct or surround bundle shealths.

Sclerinchyma Sclereids…

They come in many shapes, can be found in groups or alone, and provide support and protection. Seen in cross sections as dense appearing cells with grainy lines moving from the cell wall to the center.

VAscualr plants can be seedless or seeded. Seedless plants are — and seeded plants are —

Seedless plants are the ferns and others (The most primative vascualr plants). Seeded plants are gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Angiosperms can be divided into — and —

Monocots and Dicots

Monocots can be identified by 4 characteristics …

A single cotyledon, Long, narrow leaves with parrallel veins, Scattered Vascualr bundles, and floral parts in multiples of 3.

Dicots can be identified by 4 characteristics…

Two cotyledons, Broad leaves with networking veins, A ring of Vascualr bundles, and floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5.

Functions of Xylem

Transporting water and minerals, Support, and Food Storage

Functions of Phloem

Transport sugars and nutrients, Long distance signaling.

Vascular tissue is considered complex because…

in addition to vascualr tissue, there may be other cell types present, “xylem parenchyma” or “phleom parenchyma”

When looking at a stem, xylem is on the — and phloem is on the —

xylem is on the inside and phloem is on the outside.

When looking at a leaf, xylem is on the — side, and phloem is on the — side

Xylem is on the adaxil side and phloem is on the abaxil side.

When looking at a root, xylem is the — most and phloem is — the arms of the xylem.

Xylem is innermost and phloem is between the arms of the xylem.

Xylem is — at maturity, and phloem is — at maturity.

Dead, Alive.

Pith

The innermost area in a stem that is surrounded by vasculary bundles.

Interfacscisular region

Spaces in between the Vascular bundles or cylinders.

Vascular Cambium

A tissue that forms when a plant will go through secondary growth.

Vessel end plates are called — and can be — or —

Perforation Plates. Simple or Compound

Vessel elements are … compares to tracheids

Shorter and wider, Better conductors, have perforation plates, and are more advanced.

In a monocot stem, Tracheary elements appear as

Monkey faces

Phloem comes in 3 cell types. they are …

Sieve elements, Phloem parenchyma, and phloem sclerenchyma.

Sieve elements are — and — in Angiosperms, and — and — in gymnosperms

Angiosperms - Sieve tube elements and companion cells.

Gymnosperms - Sieve cell and albuminous.

To transport, xylem has — elements, and phloem has — elements

Vessel elements (perforation plate) and phloem has Sieve tube elements (Sieve plate)

Three types of meristems

Primary apical (Shoot apical meristem) (Root apical meristem)

Secondary (lateral) meristems (Vascular cambium) (Cork cambium)

Other (Intercalary meristem)

The apical meristem creates the —, —, and —

Protoderm, Ground meristem, and procambium.

Protoxylem is … and metaxylem is …

Protoxylem is the first to form and finishes differentiaion before elongation. Metaxylem is formed after protoxylem and differnetiaion finishes after elongation.

On a cross section, vascular cambium is — cells thick and arranged in —.

1-2, rows.

Vascular Rays

Open “rays” that moves laterally through the xylem and phloem for transport.

2 types of vascular cambium

Fusiform initials (Generates tracheary elements (toward inside) and sieve elements (toward outside))

Ray initials (Generates xylem rays (inside) and phloem rays (outside)

An initial is — and a derivative is —. Derivatives form in — order

The first cell of the structure, it remains in place. A derivative is first from the initial then continues to develop. The newest copy is always nearest to the initial, as the older copies move away from the initail.

From inside out, a woody plant (tree) is labelled…

Pith, (Heartwood, Sap wood (Secondary xylem)), Vascular cambium, (Secondary phloem, periderm (BARK))

Endodermis

A row of cells (1 wide) internal to the epidermis and cortex surrounds the pericycle.

Pericycle

A low of cells internal to the endodermis.

In Dicots, Xylem is shaped like a — and the phloem surrounds it there is no — in dicots

A star or cross. No pith.