State Capitalism, War Communism, NEP, Collectivisation

Who were the urban party higher ups?

Nomenklatura

What special privileges were the Nomenklatura allowed?

Pakety (illegal cash subsidies) and access to luxury goods

What was passed in 1928, sanctioning the beginnings of forced collectivisation?

Article 107

Who was Poland’s prime minister in 1928?

Jozef Pilsudski

When was Article 107 passed?

1928

What percent of the peasantry employed labourers?

1%

When was the Soviet grain procurement crisis?

1928

What percent of farmland was collectivised in 1928?

1%

What method of grain procurement was adopted in 1929?

Ural-Siberian Method

Faced with the refusal to hand grain over, when was a decision made at a plenary session of the Central Committee to embark on a nationwide program of collectivisation?

1929

What were state owned farms called?

Sovkhozes

What were the collective farms called?

Kolkhozes

What was there a mass reduction in, due to peasant protest?

Livestock

What percent of farmland was collectivised by 1930?

Nearly 60%

Peasants that were willing to conform and join the kolkhozes were rewarded with what?

Higher quality land and tax breaks

Between 1929 and 1933, the CPSU sent how many ‘socially conscious’ industry workers to aid with collectivisation?

25,000

In what article did Stalin call for a temporary halt to the process?

Dizzy with Success 1930

By the end of 1930 what had the numbers of peasants in collective farms dropped by?

50%

Who many people died in the Holodomor 1932-3?

3-5 million

When quotas were not met during collectivisation, who were sent to confiscate any food they could find?

Special regiments

What happened to agricultural yields during collectivisation?

They decreased

Due to the high government production quotas during collectivisation, peasants received, less for their labour than they did during what?

The NEP

In the Central Black Earth Region what percent of sheep were slaughtered within the first three months of 1930?

55%

The government cut off food rations to peasants and areas where there was opposition to collectivisation, especially where?

Ukraine

How many ‘kulaks’ were sent to labour camps?

5 million

What did the Ural Siberian method entail for peasants who refused / were unable to meet grain quotas?

Dispossession, deportation then execution

When did a decree set the punishment for theft of kolkhoz or cooperative property as the death sentence?

1932

When was the famine? (collectivisation)

1930-1933

Membership in what was compulsory for children aged 9-14?

Young Pioneers

When was the independent press liquidated by Lenin?

1918

From 1922, which body was tasked with putting the ‘correct ideological spin’ on every published item?

Glavlit

In pamphlets for the rural poor, how was Lenin depicted?

Christlike figure

The five-pointed red star was chosen as a Soviet emblem because of its association with what?

Goddess Pravda

In 1929, how many peasants attacked a kolkhoz with pitchforks, spades and axes and destroyed equipment and clothes?

200

What was the grain harvest in Russia in 1913?

80 million tons

In 1920, what was the grain harvest in Russia?

47 million tons

Approximately how many people died in the Russian Famine of 1921-1922?

5 million

What percentage of Petrograd's population was lost during deurbanisation?

70%

What percentage of Moscow's population was lost during deurbanisation?

50%

When had the rouble collapsed with barter replacing money as a medium of exchange?

1920

By 1920 heavy industry output had fallen to what fraction of 1913 levels?

1/5

In the urban centres, what was declared during war communism?

Martial law

What led to deurbanisation during war communism?

Scarcity

What did many Bolsheviks term the NEP?

‘New Exploitation of the Proletariat’

What did Lenin introduce in 1921?

Ban on factions

How many members in the Central Committee?

25

Who supported the NEP as a ‘tactical retreat?

Grigory Zinoviev

Who supported the NEP as necessary to build the bedrock for communism?

Leon Trotsky

Who was People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs during the NEP?

Leon Trotsky

What was made illegal under War Communism?

Private trade and strikes

What was the primary purpose of War Communism?

Aiding the Red Army in halting the advance of the White Army

When was the Tambov Rebellion?

1920-1

When was the Kronstadt rebellion?

1921

What emerged despite the threat of martial law against profiteering during War Communism?

Black market

What percent of wages were paid with goods rather than money during War Communism?

90%

When was War Communism?

1918-1921

When was the NEP?

1921-1928

What was introduced under the NEP?

A mixed economy

Under the NEP what was grain requisioning replaced with?

A food tax

What did the NEP create?

NEPmen

What was the process with which Stalin abandoned the NEP?

The Great Turn 1928-29

Due to the NEP, production increased by what after the drought and famine of 1921–22?

40%

The agricultural sector became increasingly reliant on what during the NEP while heavy industries, banks, and financial institutions remained under state-ownership and control, leading to a fall in prices of agricultural goods and the sharp rise in prices of industrial products?

Small family farms

What did the imbalance in the economy where the agricultural sector started to grow much faster than heavy industry lead to?

The Scissors Crisis 1923

Due to the scissors crisis, peasants began withholding their surpluses in the expectation of higher prices, or sold them to who, who resold them at higher prices?

NEPmen

By when had agricultural and industrial production been restored to 1913 levels?

1928

How did the government reduce the cost of industrial production to address the Scissors Crisis 1923?

Cutting staff, controlling wages and benefits and reducing the influence of NEPmen by expanding the network of consumer cooperatives

What was a consumer cooperative during the NEP?

People's Commissariat of Trade

By when did the Scissors Crisis start to decrease?

April 1924

Who was the foremost supporter of the NEP after Lenin’s death in 1924?

Nikolai Bukharin

What was the initial ‘middle way’ policy of the Bolsheviks designed to facilitate a slow transition to socialism?

State Capitalism

When was State Capitalism?

1917-1918

When was forced collectivisation?

1928-1940

What percent of farmland was collectivised in 1940?

97%

When was the Decree on Land?

1917

When was the Decree on Workers’ Control of Factories which established worker ‘supervision’?

1917

When was the bank nationalised?

1917

When was Veshenka set up to plan the economy?

1917

What industries were nationalised during state capitalism?

Heavy industry, mining, banking and finance

Which bourgeois experts were allowed to continue to operate under state capitalism?

Accountants, factory managers and technicians

What percent of food in the cities came from the black market under war communism?

2/3

How many people died during the Civil War?

5 million

What epidemic killed more than 3 million people in 1920?

Typhus

Who opposed War Communism in 1920?

Leon Trotsky

What was introduced in 1918? (with War Communism)

Grain monopoly

Military style control of what was established under War Communism?

Railways

Which industries were nationalised under war communism?

All