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Neoplasia
New growth, typically referring to abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth, forming a tumor.
Oncology
The study of tumors or neoplasms and the treatment of cancer.
Benign tumor
A relatively innocent tumor that remains localized and does not spread to other sites.
Malignant tumor
A cancerous tumor that invades and destroys adjacent structures and spreads to distant sites.
Carcinoma
Cancer that originates in epithelial tissue.
Sarcoma
Cancer that arises from mesenchymal tissue, such as bone or muscle.
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant sites in the body.
Pleomorphism
Variation in size and shape of cells and/or their nuclei.
Dysplasia
Abnormal development or growth of tissues, often a precancerous condition.
Proto-oncogene
A normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression.
Oncogene
A gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
Tumor suppressor gene
A gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer; when mutated, allows for uncontrolled cell division.
Apoptosis
The process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
Haploinsufficiency
A condition in which a person has only one functional copy of a gene, and the amount of gene product is insufficient for normal function.
Angiogenesis
The formation of new blood vessels, often associated with tumor growth.
Chronic inflammation
Extended inflammation that can lead to tissue damage and has been linked to increased cancer risk.
Genetic predisposition
An inherited increase in the likelihood of developing a particular disease, including cancer.
Carcinogenesis
The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
RB gene
A tumor suppressor gene that regulates the cell cycle and can lead to retinoblastoma when mutated.
p53 gene
A tumor suppressor gene that plays a crucial role in controlling the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis.
NF1 and NF2
Tumor suppressor genes associated with Neurofibromatosis type 1 and type 2, respectively.
Cyclin
A protein that regulates the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).
Tumor-initiating cells (T-ICs)
Cell types within a tumor that possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and drive tumor growth.
Adenoma
A benign tumor of epithelial origin.
Hamartoma
A benign, disorganized growth composed of mature specialized cells or tissue indigenous to the particular site.
Teratoma
A type of tumor that contains multiple types of tissue, arising from totipotential cells.
Scirrhous carcinoma
A type of malignant tumor that is firm due to extensive connective tissue.
Genotype-environment interactions
The interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors leading to increased cancer risk.
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