all of research methods !!

man whitney u

ordinal

independent measures

binomial sign

nominal

repeated measure

spearmans rho

ordinal

correlation

chi square

nominal

independent measures

Wilcoxon signed ranks test

ordinal

repeated measures

spearman and chi

have to be high

parametric test

the data is normally distributed and that the variances within groups are equa

non parametric test

binomial sign

willcoxon

spearman rho

chi squared

man Whitney u

types of expeiments

lab

field

quasi

types of observations

structured

unstructured

naturalistic

controlled

participant

non-participant

overt

covert

self report techniques

questionaires

types of interviews

unstructured

structures

semi structured

types of correlation

postive

negative

no correlation

lab experiment features

are conducted in controlled environments, allowing for manipulation of variables and observation of effects.

field experiment features

are conducted in natural settings, allowing researchers to observe real-world behaviours while still manipulating variables.

quasi experimental features

naturally occurring groups that are compared to evaluate the effect of an intervention or treatment without random assignment.

structured observation features

involve systematic recording of behaviour in a controlled or natural setting, often using predefined criteria to ensure consistency.

unstructured observation features

allow for more flexibility in recording behaviour without predefined criteria, enabling researchers to capture a broader range of actions and interactions.

naturlistic observation features

uses natural environment

controlled observation features

are conducted in a structured environment where variables can be manipulated and controlled, allowing for more precise measurement of behaviour.

participant observation features

researcher is involved in the observation as part of the group

non-participant observation features

researcher observes without involvement in the group

overt observation features

Participants can see they are being observed and can see the observer.

covert observation features

Participants are unaware of the observation, ensuring natural behavior.

structured interview features

interview format with predetermined questions,

semi-structured interview features

a mix of predetermined questions and open-ended responses,

unstructured interview features

no predetermined questions.

positive correlation features

a relationship where increases in one variable correspond to increases in another.

negative correlation features

a relationship where increases in one variable correspond to decreases in another.

no correlation features

a relationship where changes in one variable do not affect the other.

lab experiment pros

include high control over variables, allowing for clear cause-and-effect conclusions.

lab experiment cons

include lack of ecological validity and potential ethical concerns regarding manipulation of variables.

field experiment pros

include higher ecological validity and the ability to study behavior in real-world settings.

field experiment cons

include lower control over variables and potential confounding factors that may affect results.

quasi experiment pros

include higher ecological validity and the ability to study variables in natural settings without random assignment.

quasi experiment cons

include lower internal validity and difficulty in establishing causal relationships due to lack of random assignment.

structured observation pros

include systematic data collection and the ability to replicate results across different settings.

structured observation cons

include potential observer bias and limited flexibility in response to unexpected behaviors.

unstructured observation pros

include greater flexibility in capturing natural behaviors and rich qualitative data.

unstructured observation cons

include challenges in data analysis and potential for incomplete data collection.

naturlistic observation cons

include difficulty in controlling variables and potential observer bias.

controlled observation pros

include greater control over variables and easier data analysis.

controlled observation cons

include limited ecological validity and potential for artificial behavior.

particpant observation pros

include in-depth insights and access to insider perspectives.

particpinat observation cons

include observer bias and ethical concerns.

non particpinat observation pros

Allows objective observation without researcher influence.

give the reseatcher a better chance of seeing more

non-participant observation cons

Limited understanding of participant behavior due to lack of researcher involvement.

correlation pros

it helps identify potential relationships between variables, allowing researchers to explore further with more controlled studies, even when direct manipulation of variables is difficult or unethical

correlation cons

it can’t prove cause and effect

overt observation pros

Participants are aware they are being observed, which can lead to more genuine behavior.

overt observation cons

Participants may alter their behavior due to awareness of observation, leading to less genuine responses.

covert observation pros

Allows researchers to gather data without participants altering their behavior.

covert observation cons

Ethical concerns arise from observing individuals without their consent.

questionnaire pros

Efficient data collection from a large number of participants, often with easily quantifiable results.

questionnaire cons

Responses may lack depth and can be influenced by wording or leading questions.

structured interview pros

Provides reliable and comparable data due to consistent questioning.

structured interviews cons

Limitation on exploring complex issues due to fixed questions.

semi-structured interviews pros

Balance between structure and flexibility, allowing for in-depth responses while maintaining consistency.

semi-structured interviews cons

Variation in interviewer style may introduce bias in the data collected.

unstructured interviews pros

Facilitates open-ended discussion, providing rich and detailed qualitative data.

unstructured interviews cons

Data analysis can be challenging due to the unpredictability of responses.

target population

The specific group of individuals or subjects that a researcher aims to study and draw conclusions about.

sample

A subset of the target population selected for participation in a study, intended to represent the larger group.

random sampling

A sampling technique where participants are selected randomly from the target population, ensuring that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen.

snowball sampling

when one participant get more particpaunts for the experiment

opportunity sampling

A non-probability sampling method where researchers select participants who are readily available and willing to participate at a given time.

self-selecting participants

Participants who voluntarily choose to take part in a study, often responding to calls for volunteers or advertisements.

random sampling pros

It allows for a more representative sample of the population, reducing bias and increasing the generalizability of results.

random sampling cons

It can be time-consuming and expensive to implement, and may require comprehensive knowledge of the entire population.

snowball sampling pros

Effective for recruiting participants from hard-to-reach or hidden populations, as participants help identify others.

snowball sampling cons

Potential for bias since participants may share similar characteristics, which can limit the diversity of the sample.

opportunity sampling pros

It is an easy and cost-effective method to obtain participants, particularly when time or access is limited.

opportunity sampling cons

It may result in a biased sample since it only includes people who are present and willing at the time of selection.

self-selecting pros

It can lead to a more motivated and engaged sample, as participants have chosen to be involved.

self-selecting cons

Potential for bias as volunteers may not accurately represent the larger population, impacting the validity of the results.

research aim

• Objective of the study

research question

specfic question guiding the research

null hypothesis

assumes no effect or relationship exists

alternative hypothesis

assumes an effect or relationship occurs

one tailed hypothesis

predicts a direction

two tailed hypothesis

doesn’t predict a direction

repeated measure design

the same participant does all conditions

independent messure design

diffrent people do each condtion of the iv

matched particpants

Participants are paired based on relevant attributes.

independent messsure deisgn con

participant variable

repeated measure design pros

Reduces participant variability, increases statistical power, and requires fewer participants than independent measures.

repeated measure design con

drawback is the potential for order effects, making it harder to determine if changes in performance are due to the experimental manipulation or simply due to participants becoming more skilled over time.

Independent Measures Design Pro

Prevents order effects on results.

matched participants cons

May not fully control for all participant variables, potentially impacting results.

matched participant design pros

Participants are paired based on relevant characteristics, enhancing control over variables.

independent variable

the thing the researcher is changing

dependent variable

the thing the researcher is measuring

extraneous variable

things that can mess the results that the researcher cant control

behavioural categories

defined behaviours for observation

coding frames

systematic categorisation of observed behaviours

time sampling

observations at specific time intervals

event sampling

observation of specific occurrences in behaviours

open questions

free answer

closed questions

limited answers

rating scale - likert scale

measure degree of agreement

1-5