A&P: Chapter 1

major themes

Anatomy

study of the body’s structure

Physiology

study of the body’s function

How to study the body

Look → Feel → Listen → Tap → Cut → Scan → Complete

Body Study Method

Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion, Dissection, Medical Imaging, and Comparative Anatomy

Gross anatomy

study of big body structures

Histology

Study of normal tissues with a microscope

Histopathology

Study of diseased tissues with a microscope

cytology

study of cells

neurophysiology

study of the nervous system

endocrinology

study of hormones

Pathophysiology

study of how diseases change the body

Comparative physiology

comparing the human body to different species

Hippocrates

Father of medicine, Hippocratic Oath, determined disease has a natural cause

Aristotle

separated supernatural reasoning from body functions

Metradora

wrote the first written medical textbook

Claudius

Performed animal dissection for comparative anatomy

Maimonides

Wrote 10 influential medical texts

Avicenna

Combined his ideas with Galen and Aristotle, wrote The Canon (500 years old)

Vesalius

Did his own human dissections, First anatomy atlas (1543)

Harvey

Discovered heart circulation

Galileo

Improved the microscope as a byproduct of working on the telescope

Malpighi

Studied life with the compound microscope

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

Father of microbiology, led to cell theory

Schleiden & Swann

discovered that all living things are made of cells

Scientific Method

How scientists use steps to draw conclusions from evidence

Inductive Method

Make observations, find patterns, and make a rule or prediciton

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

Make a hypothesis and test to see if it is true

Sample size

number of subjects in study

Control group

group that receive placebo or no treatment

Placebo effect

feeling changes when given fake treatment

Experimenter Bias

Experimenter expectations influence results

Double blind

Neither participant nor researcher know who receives what

Statistical Testing

Uses stats to determine if the treatment truly worked

Peer Review

When experts in the same field evaluate data before publication

Scientific Fact

Something that is observed, measured, and verified

Laws of Nature

A general rule that describes how matter & energy behave

Scientific Theory

Well-tested explanation of why or how something happens

Natural Selection

Theory that explains how species change over time

Charles Darwin

Explained how evolution by natural selection works

Evolution

Gradual gene change over generations

Selection Pressures

environmental factors that favor some organisms over others

Adaptations

Inherited traits from selection pressures

Hierarchy of Complexity

Atom → Molecule → Macromolecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Atom

Smallest unit of matter

Molecule

Two or more atoms

Macromolecule

large molecule; proteins, lipids, carbs, and DNA

Organelle

tiny structures within a cell

Cell

Smallest functional unit of life

Tissue

Group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

Organ

Group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

Organ System

Group of organs that work together

Organism

A complete body made of organ systems

Reductionism

Understanding the whole body by observing smaller parts

Holism

Understand the whole body by looking at all factors

Anatomical Variations

Slight difference in body structure shapes

Characteristics of Life

Organization, Cellular Composition, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Homeostasis, Development, Differentiation, Growth, Reproduction, and Evolution

Physiological Variations

Differences in body functions and normal values

Negative Feedback

When the body detects a change and reverses it back to normal range

Homeostasis

When the body notices a change and corrects it to keep the body stable

Set Point

Normal target value/range

Dynamic Equillibrium

When values move above or below the set point, but within normal range

Baroreceptors

Detect blood pressure

Positive Feedback

when the body detects a change and amplifies it to make it stronger

Gradient Flow

The natural flow from high to low concentration