Seeded plants(class)

integument

diploid structure protecting seed

all land plants share

multicellular embryos, alteration of generation, apical meristem, multicellular gametangia

integument

diploid structure protecting seed

all land plants share

multicellular embryos, alteration of generation, apical meristem, multicellular gametangia

ferns & onward….

have vascular system and sporophyte dominant

Key adaptions of gymnosperm & angiosperms

reduced gametophyte stage, heterospory, ovules, pollen

The gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle is most conspicuous in __.

mosses

What trait is unique to land plants?

walled spores produced in sporangia

Embryophytes are _.

land plants

What is the evolutionary significance of megaphylls?

They increase the surface area for photosynthesis

What characteristic of Sphagnum peatlands is responsible for their ability to inhibit decomposition?

low temp, low oxygen, low pH, phenolic compounds produced by sphagnum

A major division in plant systematics is based on whether a particular species has __.

vascular tissue

What structures allow plants to readily take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

stomata

Water is brought into mosses primarily by __.

diffusion

Phloem

transports sugars, amino acids, and other organic products from the leaves to the roots

Antheridia produces

sperm

How are gametes produced by bryophytes?

mitosis of gametophytes

Fern gametophytes are ___.

free living, multicellular organisms

Sori can be found in .

Pterophytes (includes ferns)

Cuticle

prevents plants from drying out and protects them from microbes

In what way do megasporangia differ from microsporangia?

megasporangia lead to female gametophytes, microsporangia lead to male gametophytes

Typically, the upper part of a bryophyte capsule that contains the spores features a ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures known as the __.

peristome

To examine meiosis in ferns, you would study __.

the sporangia

What is advantage is conferred to algae and plants that possess sporopollenin?

Reproductive cells are more resistant to desiccation

Evidence suggests that land plants arose from within which protist lineage?

charophytes

In moving to land, plants had to overcome which of the following challenges?

desiccation

During what period did seedless vascular plants form extensive forests of tall trees?

carboniferous

Where would you find a fern gametophyte?

moist soil

Alternation of generations in all land plants is between __.

multicellular haploid organism and multicellular diploid organism

In sporophyte ferns, the leaves are __.

megaphylls

In moving to land, plants had to overcome what challenge?

desiccation

What is the key difference between alternation of generations in plants and sexual reproduction in nonplant organisms?

In plants, the haploid and diploid stages are both multicellular

Fungi

heterotrophs that acquire nutrients by absorption

Haustoria

specialized hyphae of both mutualistic and parasitic fungi

hyphae

thin multicellular filaments

septa

cross-walls that divide cells

chitin

a structure made of amino sugar monomers that protect fungal cells from bursting due to water pressure

Coenocytic fungus

a fungus that lacks septa and is made up of continuous cytoplasmic mass

mycelia

networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

Multicellular fungi are nonmobile but can grow into new territory by _.

dispersing haploid cells (spores)

Mycorrhizal fungi

fungi that form mycorrhizae

Arbuscles

specialized branching hyphae that exchange nutrients with living plant cells

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

symbiotic fungus whose hyphae grow through the cell wall of plant roots and extend into the root cell

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

symbiotic fungus that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and also grows into extracellular spaces of the root cortex

Plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm of cells

Karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

Deuteromycetes

fungi with no known sexual stage

Suggested fungal ancestor

nucleariid

Lichens

highly integrated symbiotic associations of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria

What's a major feature of glomeromycetes?

arbuscles

traits facilitating life on land

reproductive structures, structures to anchor plants to soil, photosynthetic branches

apical meristem

regions at the tip and root that undergo rapid cell division

Why a vascular system?

diffusion has its limits and the thicker the plant, the harder it is for the plant to diffuse to the cells

Xylem

transports water and minerals from the root to the leaves

sporophylls

modified leaves that bear sporangia

basal taxon

outgroup; a taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of a group

cladistics

build trees based on ancestral and derived characters; most used approach to systematics

clades

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

maximum parsimony

the simplest explanation is the most likely explanation

Horizontal Gene Transfer

the transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms

monophyletic

includes one branch point and all its descendant

polyphyletic

includes descendants from more than one ancestor

paraphyletic

includes one ancestor and some but not all its descendants