The gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle is most conspicuous in __________.
mosses
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What trait is unique to land plants?
walled spores produced in sporangia
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Embryophytes are _______.
land plants
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What is the evolutionary significance of megaphylls?
They increase the surface area for photosynthesis
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What characteristic of Sphagnum peatlands is responsible for their ability to inhibit decomposition?
low temp, low oxygen, low pH, phenolic compounds produced by sphagnum
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A major division in plant systematics is based on whether a particular species has __________.
vascular tissue
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What structures allow plants to readily take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
stomata
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Water is brought into mosses primarily by __________.
diffusion
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Phloem
transports sugars, amino acids, and other organic products from the leaves to the roots
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Antheridia produces
sperm
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How are gametes produced by bryophytes?
mitosis of gametophytes
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Fern gametophytes are ___________.
free living, multicellular organisms
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Sori can be found in ____________.
Pterophytes (includes ferns)
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Cuticle
prevents plants from drying out and protects them from microbes
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In what way do megasporangia differ from microsporangia?
megasporangia lead to female gametophytes, microsporangia lead to male gametophytes
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Typically, the upper part of a bryophyte capsule that contains the spores features a ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures known as the __________.
peristome
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To examine meiosis in ferns, you would study __________.
the sporangia
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What is advantage is conferred to algae and plants that possess sporopollenin?
Reproductive cells are more resistant to desiccation
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Evidence suggests that land plants arose from within which protist lineage?
charophytes
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In moving to land, plants had to overcome which of the following challenges?
desiccation
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During what period did seedless vascular plants form extensive forests of tall trees?
carboniferous
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Where would you find a fern gametophyte?
moist soil
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Alternation of generations in all land plants is between __________.
multicellular haploid organism and multicellular diploid organism
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In sporophyte ferns, the leaves are __________.
megaphylls
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In moving to land, plants had to overcome what challenge?
desiccation
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What is the key difference between alternation of generations in plants and sexual reproduction in nonplant organisms?
In plants, the haploid and diploid stages are both multicellular
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Fungi
heterotrophs that acquire nutrients by absorption
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Haustoria
specialized hyphae of both mutualistic and parasitic fungi
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hyphae
thin multicellular filaments
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septa
cross-walls that divide cells
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chitin
a structure made of amino sugar monomers that protect fungal cells from bursting due to water pressure
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Coenocytic fungus
a fungus that lacks septa and is made up of continuous cytoplasmic mass
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mycelia
networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption
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Multicellular fungi are nonmobile but can grow into new territory by _____.
dispersing haploid cells (spores)
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Mycorrhizal fungi
fungi that form mycorrhizae
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Arbuscles
specialized branching hyphae that exchange nutrients with living plant cells
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
symbiotic fungus whose hyphae grow through the cell wall of plant roots and extend into the root cell
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi
symbiotic fungus that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and also grows into extracellular spaces of the root cortex
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Plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm of cells
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Karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
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Deuteromycetes
fungi with no known sexual stage
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Suggested fungal ancestor
nucleariid
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Lichens
highly integrated symbiotic associations of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria
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What's a major feature of glomeromycetes?
arbuscles
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traits facilitating life on land
reproductive structures, structures to anchor plants to soil, photosynthetic branches
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apical meristem
regions at the tip and root that undergo rapid cell division
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Why a vascular system?
diffusion has its limits and the thicker the plant, the harder it is for the plant to diffuse to the cells
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Xylem
transports water and minerals from the root to the leaves
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sporophylls
modified leaves that bear sporangia
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basal taxon
outgroup; a taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of a group
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cladistics
build trees based on ancestral and derived characters; most used approach to systematics
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clades
a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants
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maximum parsimony
the simplest explanation is the most likely explanation
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Horizontal Gene Transfer
the transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms
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monophyletic
includes one branch point and all its descendant
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polyphyletic
includes descendants from more than one ancestor
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paraphyletic
includes one ancestor and some but not all its descendants