HYMS year 2 summative H&S

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/525

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

526 Terms

1
New cards

arguments for the use of assisted reproductive technology

procreative autonomy and welfare interests

2
New cards

ethical objections to the use of IVF

1) involves the destruction of embryos

2) harmful to those trying to conceive

3) unnatural

3
New cards

what is the right to an open future

ensuring that a child will have a maximally open future ie will enjoy the widest possible range of opportunities

4
New cards

describe the human fertilisation and embryology act 1990

a women shall not be provided with fertility treatment unless account has been taken of the welfare of any child who may be born as result of the treatment

5
New cards

criticisms of the human fertilisation and embryology act

fertile couples dont have to meet this criteria

6
New cards

purpose of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

to avoid genetic disease. more contentious uses include sex selection and saviour siblings

7
New cards

what is mitochondrial replacement techniques

works by creating an IVF embryo that replaces the faulty mitochondria with healthy ones form a donor

8
New cards

ethical issues with mitochondrial replacement techniques

health benefits to the future child, benefit to parents, concerns regarding health risks to child, germ line modification

9
New cards

up to what week is abortion legal in the UK

24 weeks

10
New cards

what are the criteria for an abortion to be legal

1) the pregnancy has not exceeded the 24th week

2) termination is necessary to prevent injury to the pregnant woman

3) continuation of the pregnancy would involve risk to the life of the pregnant woman

4) there is a risk that if the child was born, it would suffer physically or mentally

11
New cards

describe conscientious objection in healthcare

you may practice in accordance with your beliefs provided it is legal and:

- you do not treat patients unfairly

- you do not deny patients access to appropriate medical treatment

- you do not cause patients distress

12
New cards

what should you do if you object to treating a patient

make sure the patient has enough information to arrange to see another medical professional who does not hold the same opinion as you

13
New cards

arguments for deaf people being able to choose to have a deaf baby

1) deafness is a societal problem

2) autonomy of the parents

3) the child can still have a worthwhile life

14
New cards

arguments against deaf parents being able to choose a deaf child

1) the child will be disadvantaged

2) right to an open future argument

3) it wouldnt be morally permissible to deliberately deafen a child so its the same thing

15
New cards

should the rights of women be accorded greater weight than that of an unborn foetus

yes - foetus doesnt have moral status of a person, could put womens life at risk

no - foetus does have moral status of a person, equal

16
New cards

why are children of particular concern when making decisions

- may have underdeveloped decision making abilities

- may possess undeveloped value systems

- may have limited capacity to defend their rights

- can be vulnerable to abuse or exploitation

17
New cards

What is Gillick competence?

children under 16 may consent to medical treatment providing they are deemed to fully understand its implications

18
New cards

why is parental consent used if a patient is not competent

-parents should act under the best interest of the child

-parents know their child well

19
New cards

what happens for young people aged 16-17 who wish to refuse treatment

treatment can still be given if approved by the parents or the court

20
New cards

key piece of legislation for treating children

children act 1989

21
New cards

what does the children act of 1989 say

allocates duties to local authorities, courts and parents to ensure children are safeguarded and their welfare is promoted

22
New cards

responsibilities of doctors in child protection

- all children have a right to be protected from abuse

- doctors must consider the needs and wellbeing of the child

- children are individuals with rights

- children have a right to be involved with their care

- children have a right to confidentiality

23
New cards

what does it mean for a doctor to be competent when working with children

- has the knowledge to recognise signs of abuse

- has the skills to work closely with the family

- know when to ask colleagues for advice

- taking appropriate and prompt action

24
New cards

what are fraiser guidelines

gillick competency for sexual health

25
New cards

what is stated in the fraiser guidelinbes

you can provide contraception and advice to young people under 16 if:

- they understand all aspects of the advice

- you can not persuade the person to tell their parents

- the person is likely to have sex regardless

- their physical or mental health will suffer without

- it is in their best interests

26
New cards

principles of the mental capscity act

- presumption of capacity

- best interests

- ability to make unwise or eccentric decisions

-least restrictive options

-supported to make their own decisions

27
New cards

when does a person have capacity

if they can understand, retain, weigh up and communicate a decision at that particular time

28
New cards

what is an ADRT

advance decision refusing treatment - legally binding

29
New cards

are advance statement of wishes legally binding

no

30
New cards

purpose of advance decisions to refuse treatment

empower patients to refuse, autonomy

31
New cards

arguments for the use of advance decisions to refuse treatment

- autonomy

-openness

- encourages forward planning

- reduces anxiety of unwanted care

32
New cards

arguments against the use of advance decisions

- patients dont know what it is like to be in that position

- patients may change their mind

- coercion

33
New cards

conditions for an advance decision refusing treatment to be valid

- must be over 18

- must have capacity

- must not be cooerced

- you specify clearly what you refuse

34
New cards

what is the personal identity argument for advance decisions in dementia

advance directives should only be valid if the person making it is identical to the person with dementia. the author and the person with dementia are not identical because their psychologies are radically different

35
New cards

equation for the absolute risk

number with the disease/ total exposed

36
New cards

equation for relative risk

risk in exposed/ risk in unexposed

37
New cards

equation for absolute risk reduction

risk in exposed - risk in unexposed

38
New cards

equation for relative risk reduction

1- relative risk

39
New cards

equation for number needed to treat

1/absolute risk reduction

40
New cards

equation for odds

number with the outcome / number without the outcome

41
New cards

equation for odds ratio

odds in exposed / odds in unexposed

42
New cards

what makes up an evidence based decision

evidence from research, patient preferences, available research and clinical exertise

43
New cards

what study is used when looking for prognosis or cause

cohort

44
New cards

when is a case control used

cause

45
New cards

what study is used when looking at treatment interventions

RCT

46
New cards

what study is used when looking at peoples perspectives or understanding

qualitative approaches

47
New cards

how do you truncate a work on medline

*

48
New cards

how to use an american spelling of a word on medline

add in a ?

49
New cards

purpose of truncating a word on medline

to search for numerous word endings at once

50
New cards

why do we need evidence based decision making

increasing medical knowledge, limited time to read, inadequacy of traditional sources, disparity between diagnostic skills and clinical performance

51
New cards

process of evidence based decision making

-converting the need for information into a question

- identify the best evidence

- critically appraise the evidence

- integrate the evidence into guidelines

52
New cards

what is a background question

general knowledge about a disorder

53
New cards

what are the two essential components of a background question

a question root and an aspect of a disorder

54
New cards

what are foreground questions

specific knowledge about managing patients with a disorder

55
New cards

what does PICO stand for

population, intervention, comparison and outcome

56
New cards

most common causes of death

ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders and stroke

57
New cards

what is the double burden of disease

when countries are moving from developing to developed status, they have an increasing number of non-communicable disease with still high numbers of communicable diseases

58
New cards

what is epidemiologic polarization

mixed pattern of deaths within the same country

59
New cards

commericial determinents of health

- weak regulations

- policy gaps

- poor implementation

- predatory advertising

60
New cards

why are global pandemics increasing

- increased global travel

- urbanisation

- climate change

- increased human to animal contact

- weak health systems

61
New cards

define global health

an area for study that places priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide

62
New cards

why do we vaccinate

prevent disease

eradicate disease

protection of vulnerable groups

prevent transmission

63
New cards

what diseases have we eradicated

rinderpest and smallpox

64
New cards

define transmissability

refers to the ability of a disease to be passed from one person to the next

65
New cards

what is the potential for transmission indicated by

basic reporduction number

66
New cards

what is the basic reproduction number

the average number of new infections produced by one infected individual introduced into a population where all individuals are susceptible

67
New cards

what is the effective reproduction number

the average number of secondary infections produced when one infected individual is introduced into a real population containing a mix od susceptible and immune individuals

68
New cards

what happens if Re is greater than 1

prevalence of the infection increases: epidemic

69
New cards

what happens if Re is 1

system at equilibrium: endemic

70
New cards

what happens if Re is less than 1

infection fades out of the population

71
New cards

what is an endemic

the disease is stable in the population, independent of the prevalence

72
New cards

what is herd immunity

a point exists where transmission is not expected to occur

73
New cards

what is the usual range for herd immunity

between 70-90%

74
New cards

what is the equation for transmission

R= R0(1-v) where V is the proportion protected

75
New cards

what is the equation for the herd immunity threshold

1-1/R0

76
New cards

what happens if the coverage of vaccines is too low

increased risk of outbreak, average age of infection can increase

77
New cards

who sets the vaccine policy

set by the department of the health and social care with guidance from the joint committe of vaccination and immunisation

78
New cards

what proportion of children should be immunised

95%

79
New cards

what are the vaccines are given at 8 weeks

6 in 1, rotavirus and men B

80
New cards

what is included in the 6 in 1 vaccine

diptheria, polio, tetanus, pertussis, hep b and HIB

81
New cards

what vaccines are given at 12 weeks

6 in 1, pneumococcal and rotavirus

82
New cards

what vaccines are given at 16 weeks

6 in 1 and men B

83
New cards

what vaccines are given at 1 year

HIB, Menc, MMR, pneumococcal and Men B

84
New cards

what vaccines are given at 3 years 4 months

MMR and 4 in 1 booster

85
New cards

what is involved in the 4 in 1 booster

diptheria, polio, tetanus and pertussis

86
New cards

what vaccines are given at 12 years

HPV

87
New cards

what vaccines are given at 14 years old

3 in 1 teenage booster and men ACWY

88
New cards

what is the 3 in 1 teenage booster

tetanus, diptheria and polio

89
New cards

who monitors vaccines

MHRA

90
New cards

what strains of HPV cause most cancers

16 and 18

91
New cards

two things needed for a successful vaccination campaign

effective deployment and impact on health

92
New cards

what is the extended project of immunisation

aims to make immunisation against dtp available for children worldwide

93
New cards

what are examples of worldwide vaccine projects

extended project of immunisation, global alliance for vaccination and immunisation

94
New cards

describe the vaccination act

made vaccination free and compulsory

95
New cards

what do anti-vax aguments focus on

vaccines are ineffective and cause harm

96
New cards

difference between anti-vax and vaccine hesitant

mis-informed vs under-informed

97
New cards

which countries have the highest trust in vaccines

Rwanda and ethiopia

98
New cards

describe how individual and community interests diverge in vaccines

people may choose to rely on herd immunity. however if enough people do this, coverage will be too low

99
New cards

what is happening to the prevalence of cancer

increasing due to an ageing population

100
New cards

what is prevalence

the burden of a disease in a population