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Francis Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo

Self-determination

Suggested that each ethnic group had a right to their own independent state

Pan-Slavism

Promoted by Russians in the Austro-Hungarian empire, stressed ethnic and cultural kinship of Slav peoples and sought to unite them politically

Naval Race

Germany increased their industrial economy and undermined British economic power, Britain tried to catch up, both built many large battleships; increased tensions between them

Dreadnoughts

Huge iron battleships built by both Britain and Germany in the naval race

Balkan Wars

2 wars, 1912-1913, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania fought over Ottoman territories, strained European diplomatic relations

The Central Powers

Germany and Austria-Hungary formed a Dual Alliance in 1879, Italy joined in 1882 and made it a Triple Alliance, Germany also was loosely allied with the Ottoman empire (Italy later joined the war with the Allies)

The Allies

Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente (Allies) as they were suspicious of Germany's increasing power and the newly formed alliances of the Central Powers

Plan XVII

One of France's military plans, focused on offensive maneuvers and attacks, gave no thought to casualties or enemies' intentions

Schlieffen Plan

One of Germany's military plans, planned for a swift attack on France followed by a defensive attack against Russia, had logistical problems

General Count Alfred von Schlieffen

Developed the Schlieffen plan

July 28

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, was defended by Russia

July 31

Germany sent an ultimatum to Russia demanding that they cease mobilization of their troops in the Germans' territory and one to France demanding their intentions; after the Russians refused and the French never responded, Germany then declared war on Russia and France and invaded Belgium to attack France

August 4

Britain declared war on Germany to protect Belgium's neutrality

Poisonous gas

Introduced by the Germans but used by both sides in an attempt to break the stalemate

Mustard gas

A type of poisonous gas, effects did not appear for 12 hours after exposure, killed victims in 4-5 weeks

No Man's Land

The land in between trenches, many people killed after attempts at offensive attacks failed

Battle at Verdun

French defeated the Germans but still had many casualties

Battle at the Somme

Britain and Germany each lost 420,000 men

Zeppelin

A hydrogen-filled dirigible that dropped bombs, was used by the Germans

Helmuth Karl von Moltke

Predicted long before the Great War that future wars would end in more than one battle because the entire strength of people needed to be broken in order for them to admit defeat

Women during WWI

Took over many "male" jobs as so many of the men were being recruited to go to the army, some worked at dangerous jobs making weapons and died of explosions and TNT poisoning

Joseph Caillaux

Was imprisoned in France for 2 years for opposing the war

Qingdao

The German-leased territory in China that was seized by Japan when they entered the war

Twenty-One Demands

Designed by Japan to reduce China to Japanese protectorate, reflected Japanese interests to dominate east Asia, was intervened by Britain

Togoland, the Cameroons, German Southwest Africa, German East Africa

The four German colonies in Africa, were targeted by the Allies and attacked by British, French, Belgian, Indian, Arab, and African troops

Battle of Gallipoli

1915, Ottoman Turkey, British decided to strike at the Ottomans (the weakest central power), was a total disaster, weakened loyalty and trust between Canada, Australia, and New Zealand and Britain

T.E. Lawrence of Arabia

British man who fought with the Arabs, helped (along with other British) the Arabs to revolt successfully

March Revolution

1917 in Russia, a series of revolts in Petrograd, uprising against shortages and the many deaths in the war, caused Nicholas II to abdicate the throne and a provisional government to be established

Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies

Struggled with the provisional government for power, controlled factories and segments of the military

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Revolutionary Marxist, had been exiled in Switzerland, wanted a well-organised, disciplined party to revolt, was delivered to Russia in 1917 by the Germans to take Russia out of the war

Bolshevik Party

A radical party that Lenin ended up leading, demanded power to soviets and withdrawal from war after Lenin became leader

November Revolution

Bolsheviks gained control of the Petrograd soviet, raided the Winter Palace and seized power from the provisional government

"Peace, Land, and Bread"

The slogan of the Bolsheviks

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The treaty that Russia signed with Germany after leaving the war, lost much of their territory, including some of Ukraine

President Woodrow Wilson

The US president that made the country officially neutral until 1917

Lusitania

A British passenger liner that was sunk by Germans in 1915

Great Easter Rebellion

April 1916, Irish nationalists attempted to overthrow British rule

Paris Peace Conference

1919, victorious nations met to discuss postwar settlement and to make terms for the defeated countries, dominated by heads of Britain (Lloyd George), France (Georges Clemenceau), and the United States (Woodrow Wilson), did not include leaders of the Central Powers or Soviet Union

Fourteen Points

Written by Woodrow Wilson, a proposal for a lasting peace, included free trade, arms treaties, rights for colonials, and an association of nations, most of the program was rejected by the Allies which made the Central Powers feel betrayed

Treaty of Versailles

Denied Germans navy and air force, limited size of army

Treaty of Neuilly

Bulgaria ceded small pieces of land

Treaty of St. Germain

Made between the Allies and Austria when Austria-Hungary was split up

Treaty of Trianon

Made between the Allies and Hungary when Austria-Hungary was split up

Treaty of Sèvres

Dissolved Ottoman empire

Treaty of Lausanne

Recognised the Republic of Turkey

Mustafa Kemal

Head of the Turkish nationalist movement, drove out foreigners and created the Republic of Turkey

Ataturk

Mustafa Kemal's new name, "Father of Turkey", promoted economic development, completely reformed Turkey

League of Nations

Created to maintain world peace, every peace treaty signatory had to accept it, had "collective security" that depended on all of the major powers, had no power to enforce its decisions, established a pattern for international organisation

Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

New nations drawn after the war, political boundaries for these countries were hard to make

The Mandate System

Colonies of Central Power territory were divided into three classes of mandates, split up German African colonies and Ottoman territories, violated French and British promises to the Arabs to make independent states