Unit 1- Dual Enrollment U.S History

Pangea

all seven continents in one landmass

Beringia

an ancient land bridge over which the earliest Americans are believed to have migrated from Asia into the Americas.

North American Indians

• approximately 240 tribes, 10 million people

• Agricultural regions like Atlantic Shoreline, Europeans farmed further North & West. Indian hunting led to a fur trade

Teotihuacan

the World’s Largest city from100-800 A.D., pre-Columbian city located in present-day Mexico, known for its large pyramids and urban planning.

Aztecs

a Mesoamerican culture that thrived from the 14th to the 16th centuries, known for its rich mythology, social structure, and monumental architecture, as well as the human sacrifices with thousands of people at the time, with 5-20 million citizens. Tenochtitlan is also the capitol city.

Mayan

a Mesoamerican civilization known for its advancements in writing, own calendar, advanced map, mathematics, thriving between 150 and 900 A.D. in present-day Central Mexico and Central America.

Anasazi

an ancient Native American culture that flourished in the southwestern United States, known for their impressive cliff dwellings, dirt homes, dry farming. They thrived from approximately 100 to 1300 A.D.

Adena Hopewell

a Native American culture that existed in the eastern United States, (Southern Mississippi) River Valley known for their earthen mounds and advanced trade networks, flourishing from around 1000 B.C. to 500 A.D.

Cahokia

a pre-Columbian Native American city located near present-day St. Louis, known for its dirt pyramids. mound builders, 1000-1500 A.D. near St Louis 20-25,000, Philadelphia in 1780’s as large city in the United States.

Algonquians

a group of New England tribes that spoke the Algonquian language, primarily located in the northeastern United States and Canada. They were known for their diverse lifestyles, including hunting, fishing, and agriculture.

Iroquis

a Native American confederacy comprising several tribes, primarily located in the northeastern United States. Known for their sophisticated political system, with women holding key leadership positions, Iroquis also chose chiefs, men moved in with their wives families after marriage, military alliance, NE U.S>

Eric the Red

Found as well as named Greenland, father to Leif

Leif Thorvald Eriksonn

Discovered vinland (Newfoundland in 1001 A.D.) - proof found in 1963 inc (-Anse-Anx-Meadows)

Crusades

Pope had sanctioned the European conquest of the holy land, and reintroduced spices to Europe.

Marco Polo

-1271-95.A.D. - Took a 20 year trip through Asia, and brought back spices as well as a fortune.

Spices

Cinnamon, Pepper, Nutmeg, Clove, Ginger, Mace, Perform Medicine

Bubonic Plague

killed 75-200 million people or 1/3 of Europe

Reasons for Exploration

-release of Greek knowledge after the downfall of the Byzantine Empire

-Johann Gutenberg’s Printing press

-Access needed to Asian Markets

Portuguese

• bought slaves from West African tribes for weapons in exchange started plantation, mixed tribes to slow rebellions, exchanged gold for salt, metal works, bronze statues.

Maseira, the Canaries

São Tome, Pricipe - Sugar plantations establines by Portugu, then Spam ron by slave labor

Henry the Navigator

Started mapping Africa in 1422, led to the design of the caravel that could sail against the wind, and wanted people to convert to Christianity

Vasco da Gama

India Moluccas (Spice islands) (Indonesia) rounded horn of Africa in 1498

Isabella of Castille

When Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castille in 1469 Spain was unified and made Reconquista possibe, so spam was prepared of the conquest of the new word with ready topsand techniques to contral the poplates

Francisco Vazquez

explored the SW US for the 7 Golden Cities of Cibola

Hernando de Soto

explored Florida, crossed Mississippi River, Killed Indigenous and died of battle wounds.

Franciscans

-1209 Celebate Monks, surrendered all possessions ate once a day in Winter, Twice a day in summer, in 1526 they were sent to U.S to protect natives.

Catholism

• adopted by central & southern America

• incorporated Native customers and feast into religion for easier assimilation

Universities

first American universities in Mexico City and Lima Peru in 1551.

Encomienda

• created caste system

• Encomendero controlled a village

• protect villages

• Presidios protected Spanish missions

Mestizos

Spanish & Indian offspring

Christopher Columbus

• Real name Cristobal Colon

• Said Earth is smaller than anticipated

• 3 months to hit Asia

• thought Cuba was Japan

• Enslaved 500 million

Treaty of Tordesillas

• Portugal received Brazil, Asia, Africa; Spain received South America

Martin Waldseemuller

• Used the accounts of Amerigo Vespucci to make a map

• known as America since he believed he discovered the new Land, and he tried to publish a new one to fix the error

John Cabot

• Real name is Giovanni Caboto

• First European to see North America in 1497

• gave England a claim to all of North America

West Indies

Columbus named it believing it was one of the Indian Islands

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

First European to see if the Pacific Ocean (via Panama) in 1513

Ferdinand Magellon

• first to circumnavigate the world, named the Pacific Ocean, died in the Philippines, discovered the date line

Hernando Cortes

• Lives in Puerto Rico

• Hears God of death is supposed to return to kill everyone

Quetzalcoatl

• 40% of the population died in the first year

• by 1600, down to 1 million from 25 million

• The God of death

• featured armor

Malinche

• Mayan interpreter

• Spoke Nahuatl

• Ramed Dona Marina

Montezuma ll

• helped reinforce that gold would cure small pox, a rebellion started on June 30, 1520 - August 13, 1521, forced Cortez out, killing 1/3 of his men, and Montezuma conquered them with advanced weapons

Francisco Pizarro

• 1532

• with 180 men, captured cuzco during a civil war and conquered the Incan Empire

Gold & Silver

• Caused inflation of 500% in Europe, causing Capitalism

Columbian Exchange

• Exchange of culture, animals, plants, and diseases between Europeans and Native Americans

Francisco Vasquez

• explored the SW U.S. for seven golden cities of Cibola, Grand Canyon

Hernando de Soto

• explored Florida

• Crossed the Mississippi River

• killed Indigenous and died of battle wounds

Franciscans

• 1209

• Celebate monks

• Surrender all possessions

• from 1526 sent to protect natives, destroyed religious Indian symbols

Catholisicm

• incorporated Native customs & feasts for easier assimilation

Universities

• first American universities in Mexico city and Lima Peru in 1551

Encomienda

• made the caste system

• Encomendero controlled a village

• protected Spanish mission

Mestizos

Spanish and Indian offspring

Don Juan de Onate

• 1598 claimed New Mexico

• Promised peace to natives

• forced to perform tasks for encomenderos plugged

Black Legend

• Conquistadors only tortured and stole a few reforms or contributions, but provided fuel for spain’s enemies

St. Agustine

• Florida 1565, built to defend spanish ships from Pirates

The Plantation System

A plantation economy is an economy based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few commodity crops, grown on large farms worked by laborers or slaves. The properties are called plantations. Plantation economies rely on the export of cash crops as a source of income. Social classes, the Planter Elite and Back country farmers are #2, Poor people who have their own land. #3 is Endentured Servants.

Rise of Slavery

• by 1780, fewer indentured servants came to the Americas, but slavery failed early due to the high mortality rate and the high costs of slaves captured from other tribes.

Colonial Slavery

By 1780, approximately 12 million Africans had been transported via the deadly Middle Passage. They were treated as indentured servants in 1705, and Virginia regulated slavery

Women

• Married American Women had no legal status

• could own nothing

• Single women would own property file lawsuits and run businesses

Enslaved Africans

• Fought slavery by escaping to the North

• working slower and refusing to work

Stono Rebellion

Slaves killed slave holders until a million stopped and executed between 30-40 slaves.

Negro Act of 1740

Reduced a penalty for killing a slave to a minor offense

The Great Awakening

• Religious revivals that affected all 13 colonies

  • Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield were two important preachers. Edward’s “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry god “explained that hell was real and god’s judgment was certain, and if you didn’t want to convert, you would go to hell

Old Lights

Resistant to change and revival

New Lights

focused on his personal salvation and arranged

Physicians

• Most were poorly trained, lacking a medical school until 1765, which favored bleeding as a remedy.

• They spent time as an apprentice before they could practice medicine

Education

• English schooling was reserved for the male community leaders

• Puritans stressed individual Bible reading, so literacy was promoted

• Harvard opened in 1936

• The University of Pennsylvania opened with assistance from Benjamin Franklin to produce the world’s first non-religious university

Freedom of the Press

Corrupt Governor Peter Zenger, who took bribes, was arrested. He also attacked the governor and was brought to trial. The jury supported Zenger’s rights to print stones about the local leaders, setting the foundation for the rights under the Bill of Rights

Roanoke

dropped off settlers to pursue pirates, Croal

Tudors

• Elizabeth I to Stuarts-James VI of Scotland-James I starts colonization

• combines English and Scottish thrones in 1603, but not countries

• Has scholars translate a new edition of the Bible

• Believed in Divine Right of kings

Joint Stock Company

An early corporation that allowed individuals to invest together and reduce the risk

Virginia Company of London

• Received the first English Charter

• colonists received the same rights as English Citizens

Jamestown

• 1607

• First permanent English colony

• elected their own assembly called Burgesses, the legislative body was called the House of Burgesses

John Smith

• made everybody work

• Wahunsonacock of the Powhatan confederacy went to war with the Jamestown Colonist

Native American

experiences series of wars between the Virginian

Maryland

English catholics were persecuted for their beliefs

Religious tolerance of Christians.

George Calvert

• Founded a colony for catholics to practice their religion without prosecution

Toleration

• In 1649, Maryland passed the Toleration Act

Pilgrims

• Puritans, called Separatists, left the Anglican Church. They fled to Holland, then to America in Plymouth on the Mayflower Compact

• created the first government in the U.S. under William Bradford

• A plague killed many, settlers served because of squants?

Massachusetts

depression caused high unemployment, mainly among Puritans

John Winthrop

John and Wealthy Puritans established a colony, the conditions worsened, increasing amount of people left England

General Court

• Made laws and elected the colony’s governor

• The government required all of the colonists to go to church, collect taxes, and regulate moral behavior. Punishments are stockade or Banished

Charles ll

• 1625-1649

  • divine rights of kings, ruled without Parliament, and imposed taxes

• combined the New England colonies for protection

• English Civil War- Cavaliers/Supported King Charles I. Roundheads Parliament, Oliver Cromwell, Executed Charles l

• and Ruled starting 1649

Rhode Island/ Roger Williams

• Kicked out of Massachusetts

• founded the first Baptist church in Providence, and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Colony’s character included religious freedom and all men had the right to vote, even poc

• the first government to advocate for the Separation of Church and State

Anne Hutchinson

declared a heretic, and Massachusetts banished her for teaching her views. She funded the town of Portsmouth

Connecticut

Reverend Thomas Hooker opposed the Massachusetts government’s policy of allowing only Church members to vote. All men could serve & vote.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

The Constitution that allowed all adult men to vote and serve in the government

Pequot War

Massachusetts accused a Pequot of killing a citizen, so they set fire to a Pequot village and shot people as they fled. Settlers burned down a Pequot village, killing 300-700 Pequot women and children. Survivors fled or were sold into slavery in Bermuda in 1637

Beaver Wars

Charles ll