Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Process where energy in sunlight is captured by chloroplasts, and carbon dioxide and water are rearranged, producing sugar and oxygen

Cellular Respiration

Process where sugar is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, and the cell captures some of the released energy to make ATP

Respiration

Breathing and exchange of gases

Anaerobic

A reaction that does not require oxygen

Aerobic

Reaction that does require oxygen

Redox Reaction

Transfer of electrons from one molecule to another

Oxidation

Redox reaction that loses an electron

Reduction

Redox reaction that adds an electron

Coenzyme

The second part of an enzyme that is organic, such as a vitamin

Cofactor

The second part of an enzyme that is inorganic, such as a mineral

NAD+

The coenzyme that facilitates the oxidation process of glucose

Dehydrogenase

Process that strips two electrons and one proton from the “fuel” glocuse, which reduces NAD+ to NADH

Electron transport chain

A series of electron carrier molecules, such as NADH and FADH2, moving electron in a series of redox reactions, releasing energy used to make ATP, and oxygen accepting two protons at the end

Glycolysis

Stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytosol, begining cellular respiration, and breaks down glucose into two molecules af a three-carbon based compound called pyruvate

Pyruvate Oxidation

Stage of cellular respiraion that takes place in the mitochondria, the process in which pyruvate is oxydized into acetyl CoA, with the release of C)2 and the production of NADH

Citric Acid Cycle

Stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the mitochondria, the process that breaks down glucose by oxydizing acetyl CoA into 2 CO2

Oxidative phosphorylation

Stage of cellular respiration that involves electron transport and chemiostasis and where most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration is generated

Chemiostasis

Part of Oxidative phosporylation that takes place in the intermembrane, and as electron are moving in the electron transport chain, it pumps hydrgon ions to the intermemebrane, using the concentration gradient to make ATP

Intermediates

The three carbon result of spliting a glucose molecule, when oxudized creates pyruvate, yeilding a net of two ATP and two NADH

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A phosphate group transfering from an organic molecule to ADP, crating ATP

Glycolysis steps 1-4

Energy investment phase of glycolysis

Glycolysis Stages 5-9

Energy Payoff phase of Glycolysis

ATP synthase

Enzyme that synthesizes ATP, locatedin the inner memebrane of the mitochondria, with H+ being driven through it during chemiostasis

Fermentation

Harvesting chemical energy without needing oxygen, anaerobic reaction, used by muscle cells, yeast, and certain bacteria, takes place in the cytosol

Lactic acid fermentation

Fermentation that reduces pyruvate to lactate

Alcohol fermentation

Fermentation that reduces pyruvate to alcohol and CO2

Metabolic Pathways Connection

Eating foods containing Carbohydratesm Fats, and/or proteins used in the various stages of cellular respirtion, which then produce ATP