Health and Human Development Unit 2 AOS 1

Infancy - Physical Development

- Growth

- FIne and gross motor skills develop

Infancy - Social Development

- Learning how to communicate with others

- Learning to share and take turns

- Begin to eat at the table

Infancy - Emotional Development

- Developing trust and security

- Learning how to express emotions in both a positive and negative way

- Confidence formed

Infancy - Intellectual Development

- Vocabulary increases

- Learning how to count and problem-solve

- Learning to understand instructions from parents

Early Childhood - Physical Development

- Skills like climbing and using cutlery are developed

- Start of puberty

- Bones and muscles continue to grow

Early Childhood - Social Development

- Imagination develops

- Kids play co-operatively

- Influenced by peers

Early Childhood - Emotional Development

- Able to understand and describe simple emotions

- Motivation for further development

- Experiences of rapid mood swings

Early Childhood - Intellectual Development

- Able to tell time, read, and use complex language

- Concentration duration lengthens

- Long-term memory develops

Youth - Physical Development

- Puberty

- Sexual development (maturation of sex organs)

- Growth spurt

Youth - Social Development

- Social interaction focus shifts from family to peers

- Exploring sexuality and intimate relationships

Youth - Emotional Development

- Increase in conformity due to peer pressure

- Begin to develop a clear sense of self-identity

- Self-discipline increases

Youth - Intellectual Development

- Development of abstract and logical thinking

- Formation of one's values and priorities

- Transition from dependence to independence and interdependence

Physical Development

Changes to the body and its systems. These can be changes in size, complexity, and motor skills.

Changes to Females During Puberty

- Breasts develop, hips widen

- First ovulation and menstruation

- Ovaries, uterus, labia, vagina, and clitoris enlargen

Changes to Males During Puberty

- Voice deepens, facial hair develops

- Increased stature and muscle mass

- Penis enlargens

- Testes grow and start producing sperm

Changes to Males & Females During Puberty

- Oily skin

- Body hair develops, i.e. armpits, legs

Six Types of Relationships

- Family

- Professional

- Friendships

- Intimate

- Online

- Teachers/Coaches/Mentors

Authoritarian Parenting

Employs strict rules, and punishment if rules are broken.

Authoritarian Parenting Impacts on Children

- Tend to have poor self-esteem

- May direct anger at their parent for the punishments they inflict

Authoritative Parenting

Employs positive reinforcement of good behaviours and flexibility in interpretation of rules, e.g. using consequences instead of punishments.

Authoritative Parenting Impacts on Children

- Develop good problem-solving and negotiation skills

- Become responsible adults with good social connections

Permissive Parenting

A style of parenting low in discipline and whereby parents see themselves more as friends than parents, e.g. rarely discouraging bad behaviours.

Permissive Parenting Impacts on Children

- Struggles with authority and appropriate management of feelings.

- Social development is compromised due to absence of parental figures.

Uninvolved Parenting

Involves parents showing little to no interest in their child's lives.

Uninvolved Parenting Impacts on Children

- Low levels of self-esteem and happiness

- May miss out on school impacting their intellectual development.

Healthy Relationships

Connections built on respect, trust, empathy, and equality which foster acceptance, belonging, and growth while resolving conflicts respectfully.

Key Characteristics of Healthy Relationships

1. Respect

2. Trust

3. Honesty

4. Loyalty

5. Empathy

6. Safety

7. Equality

Benefits of Clear Communication

Allows for people to share their interests, goals, and concerns.

Unhealthy Relationships

Connections that lack respect, trust or equality and may involve control, dishonesty or unsafe behaviours that harm wellbeing and prevent personal growth.

Examples of Unhealthy Relationships

- A friend who constantly belittles or criticises you.

- A partner who tries to control who you see or what you do.

- A relationship where one person ignores your boundaries.

Consent

The clear, voluntary and informed agreement to participate in an activity, given without pressure or coercion.

Healthy Relationships Impact on Physical Health and Wellbeing

- Prevents physical injuries from abuse or violence

- Encourages shared physical activities, improving fitness

- Promotes safety by reducing risky behaviours

Healthy Relationships Impact on Social Health and Wellbeing

_ Builds trust, empathy, and equality

- Creates strong social bonds and supportive networks

- Develops social skills

Healthy Relationships Impact on Emotional Health and Wellbeing

- Provides safe outlets to express emotions

- Helps manage difficult feelings through good communication

- Builds resilience and understanding of others' emotions

Healthy Relationships Impact on Mental Health and Wellbeing

- Reduces stress and anxiety through support

- Boosts self-confidence and self-esteem

- Helps make big decisions together, reducing worry

Healthy Relationships Impact on Spiritual Health and Wellbeing

- Validates values and beliefs

- Fosters inclusion and a sense of belonging

- Promotes peace, fulfilment, and informed decision-making

Healthy Relationships Support Physical Development

- Healthy relationships with friends and coaches encourage participation in activities that develop gross and fine motor skills.

- Positive support increases motivation to practice skills, leading to better development.

Healthy Relationships Support Social Development

- Healthy relationships promote communication, conflict resolution, and understanding of values and beliefs.

- They create a safe space to practice social skills without fear of judgement, helping build self-identity and confidence.

Healthy Relationships Support Emotional Development

- Supportive relationships allow emotions to be expressed openly without fear of rejection.

- They help individuals recognise and manage their own and others' emotions, resolving feelings like jealousy through discussion.

Healthy Relationships Support Intellectual Development

- Positive relationships, especially with teachers, foster creativity, problem-solving, and language skills.

- Safe and caring environments encourage risk-taking in learning, while negative relationships reduce motivation and participation.

Role of Parents

Understanding the risk and protective factors that influence the development of a foetus during the prenatal stage allows parents to make decisions and use resources to optimise the development of unborn babies.

Changes in Relationships

A new parent's relationships will change as they will have new priorities, responsibilities, and values. They will also have less time to put effort into their relationships.

Social Support for New Parents

Involves a social network of relatives, friends, neighbours, and community groups who are able to provide practical assistance. E.g. health with meal preparation or assistance with transport.

Emotional Support for New Parents

Showing support and care for another person so that they can cope with their emotions and experiences, and not feel alone. E.g. actively listening, showing love and encouragement, emphasising and validating with their feelings.

Resources for New Parents

Knowledge and material resources (e.g. financial resources).

Federal Government Resources for New Parents

Medicare, parental leave pay, the pregnancy, birth and baby helpline, child care subsidy, raising children website, family tax benefit.

Medicare

Australia's universal health insurance scheme that provides free or subsidised treatment for all Australians. Pregnant women can access a range of Medicare-funded health services such as antenatal care.

Parental Pay Leave

A government-funded payment to support eligible working parents taking time off to care for a newborn or adopted child.

Family Tax Benefit

A two-part payment for eligible families to help with the cost of raising children.

Child Care Subsidy

An assistance to help parents with the cost of childcare.

The Pregnancy, Birth and Baby Helpline

Provides a free phone and online service to pregnant women and new parents that offers information and advice on baby/maternal related topics.

Raising Children and Raising Kids websites

The Australian government parenting website that aims to equip parents with the information they need to optimise the health and wellbeing of their child.

State Government Resources for New Parents

Maternal and child health service, the maternal and child health app, and maternal and child health line.

Maternal and Child Health Service

A free primary health service that supports Victorian families with children from birth to school age through regular check-ups, advice, and referrals to promote child health, development, and wellbeing.

The Maternal and Child Health (MCH) App

A reliable tool for parents and carers that enables them to find essential and trustworthy information.

The Maternal and Child Health Line

A telephone support service that is available 24/7 a week to Victorian families with children from birth to school age that offers information, support and advice about child health and wellbeing.

The Intergenerational Nature of Health and Wellbeing

Describes how the health and wellbeing of one generation affects the health and wellbeing of the next.

Example of How Health and Wellbeing is Intergenerational

Children of mothers who smoke during pregnancy have higher rates of obesity and poorer cardiovascular health decades later.

Factors Influencing Perceptions of Lifespan Stages

1. Past experiences with people in the specific life span.

2. The way the media portray people in the lifespan stage.

3. A person's own experiences in the lifespan stage.

4. Other people's opinions.

5. The way politicians and other public figures speak of various population.

6. A person's values and beliefs.

Perceptions

Beliefs or opinions based on how things seem.

Perceptions of Youth

- Lack maturity

- Are lazy

- Care more about social media than their contribution to society

Perception of Adults

- At their physical peak

- Are responsible citizens

- May be seen as out of touch

Perceptions of Older Adults

- Wise and experienced

- A burden on the health system

- Resistant to change

Early Life Experiences

The physical, social and psychological environments provided to a child, such as diet, relationships, parenting practices, SES, and learning opportunities.