Final exam (biod 121)

What is the difference between hunger and appetite?

Hunger: Internal drive that prompts negative sensations for us to find food and eat

Appetite: External drive that is a positive sensation; a desire to consume specific foods.

List two examples of Cognitive external forces that can influence eating habits and comment on your personal experience with each of them.

Habits, Comfort foods, Advertising, Social Factors, Nutritional Value

1. ______________is the internal drive to find and eat food. Often experienced as a 2. ______________ sensation.

1. Hunger

2. negative

Vitamins are considered both:

a. Macronutrients and Inorganic

b. Macronutrients and Organic

c. Micronutrients and Organic

d. Micronutrients and Inorganic

b. Macronutrients and Organic

Define macronutrients

nutrients needed in large amounts in the body

If a fudge brownie has 14 grams of carbohydrates, 2 gram of protein and 9 grams of fat. How many calories are in the brownie?

14 x 4 = 56

2 x 4 = 8

9 x 9 = 81

56 + 8 + 81 = 145 calories

The current recommendation to maintain your body weight is 2000 calories daily. You should not consume any more than 65% of your calories from carbohydrates. How many grams of carbohydrates should you eat in a day?

325 grams

(2000 x .65 = 1300)

1300 calories / 4 = 325 grams of carbs

1. The state of ________________ nutrition can be achieved by eating a variety of foods which provide all the essential nutrients.

2. Malnutrition can either be a nutritional state of _________________ or ______________ nutrition.

1. desirable

2. A. over B. under

An individual's health can be assessed using the ABCDEs of nutritional assessment. Give a brief description of what A stands for.

Anthropometrics- measurements of body composition such as height and weight

According to MyPlate, what types of food should we increase in our diet?

fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low fat dairy

Based on the nutritional label shown below, how many calories would you consume if you ate the entire container of macaroni and cheese?

250 calories per serving x 2 servings per container = 500 calories

Specific parts of the GI tract include the ______(A)_______, esophagus, stomach, ______(B)_______ , large intestine and rectum. Other organs such as the liver, ______(C)__________ and pancreas aid in digestion but are not considered part of the GI tract.

A. mouth

B. small intestine

C. gallbladder

Explain the cause and symptoms of heartburn.

Heartburn is when stomach acid comes back into the esophagus. Symptoms include burning sensation, nausea, and difficulty swallowing.

Sphincters play an important role in the GI tract. Name two sphincters discussed in the module and using your own words, briefly describe their functions

The esophageal sphincter prevents the contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus.

The pyloric sphincter controls the release of chyme into the small intestines from the stomach.

The ileocecal sphincter prevents the contents of the large intestine from entering the small intestine.

Define the role of enzymes in digestion.

Are enzymes an example of the chemical or mechanical process of digestion?

Enzymes role is to breakdown food particles into smaller parts and readies the nutrients for absorption. Enzymes are an example of chemical digestion.

Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and fiber. Match the following with the descriptions.

a. Monosaccharides

b. Disaccharides

c. Insoluble Fiber

d. Soluble Fiber

e. Functional Fiber

1. ____ Examples include sucrose and maltose

2. ____ Examples include fructose and galactose

3. ____ Added to food for intestinal health

4. ____ Dissolves in the GI tract

5. ____ Also called non-fermentable fiber

1. ____ disaccharides

2. ____ monosaccharides

3. ____ functional fiber

4. ____ soluble fiber

5. ____ insoluble fiber

Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and fiber. Match the following with the descriptions.

a. Monosaccharides

b. Disaccharides

c. Insoluble Fiber

d. Soluble Fiber

e. Functional Fiber

1. An example is galactose

2. Promotes intestinal health and is added to foods

3. Not broken down by bacteria in the GI tract

4. Maltose and sucrose are examples

5. Dissolves and provide satiety

1. monosaccharides

2. functional fiber

3. insoluble fiber

4. disaccharides

5. soluble fiber

Which of the following is NOT True concerning blood sugar regulation?

a.Hormones are responsible for control

b.High blood sugar is called hyperglycemia

c.Glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels

d.Excess glucose is stored as glycogen

c.Glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels

What is the function of glucagon?

Glucagon is released from the pancreas.

This hormone converts liver glycogen to glucose and improves blood sugar to greater than 70 mg/dl.

Name the food groups that vegans will include in their diet and those that they avoid.

Vegans will consume plant foods only.

The biological value of a protein is different in _____(A)_______ vs plant sources.

_____(B)_______ sources are considered high quality or complete proteins.

Plant sources are considered lower quality or _____(C)_______ protein. When two or more plant proteins combine, the proteins are called complimentary proteins. A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of proteins and calories is called protein-calorie malnutrition.

A. animal

B. Animal

C. incomplete

Which of the following is NOT true concerning fats and lipids?

a. Polyunsaturated fatty acids cause the greatest increase in LDL levels

b. A relationship has been found between a diet high in fat and cardiovascular disease

c. Some fat is necessary in our diet

d. To lower blood cholesterol levels choose foods made with unsaturated fats

a. Polyunsaturated fatty acids cause the greatest increase in LDL levels

What are lipoproteins comprised of?

Lipoproteins are lipids surrounded by a shell of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol.

Define protein calorie malnutrition.

Protein calorie malnutrition is inadequate intake of protein and calories over a period of time which leads to muscle wasting, and increased risk of infection due to a compromised immune system.

The biological value of a protein is different in animal vs plant sources.

____________ sources are considered high quality or complete proteins. ____________ sources are considered lower quality or incomplete protein.

When two or more plant proteins combine, the proteins are called _____________ proteins.

A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of proteins and calories is called ___________-___________ _______________.

animal

plant

complimentary

protein- calorie malnutrition

Which of the following questions is NOT true of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

a. The BMR is the minimal amount of calories used by the body in a fasting state when resting

b. Males have a higher BMR than females

c. Pregnancy increases the BMR

d. Physical activity is a component of the BMR

Define the term energy balance.

Energy balance is defined as energy intake being equal to energy expended

Using the guidelines for Body Mass Index someone with a body mass index of greater than 31 would be considered _____________.

obese

Comparing the amount of oxygen consumed with the amount of carbon dioxide expired measures a person's energy expenditure using ________________.

Indirect calorimetry

Calculate the EER for a male who is 20 years old, 5 feet 11 inches tall, 155 pounds with an active lifestyle.

EER = 662 - (9.53 x 20) + 1.25 x (15.91 x 70.45 + 539.6 x 1.80)

EER = 3086.7 calories

1. The distribution of fat in the body is important. Males often have an apple shape, often referred to as ___________ obesity.

2. Females have a pear shape often referred to as __________ obesity.

3. The shape that has the highest health risks associated with it is the __________ shape.

1. android

2. gynoid

3. apple

Which person is at a greater risk for health issues related to being overweight or obese?

Explain your answer.

Janet has a BMI of 24 and a waist to hip ratio of .8.

Fred has a BMI of 25 and a waist to hip ratio of 1.0

fred

The desired hip to waist ratio:

males is <0.9

females < 0.8.

A BMI of:

18-24.9 is considered healthy

25-29.9 is considered overweight

30 or greater is considered obese

What table can be used to determine if an individual is in a healthy weight range, an overweight range or is considered obese?

Would this table be appropriate for a muscular individual?

Body Mass Index Table

No it would not be appropriate

Using the guidelines for Body Mass Index someone with a body mass index of greater than 30 would be considered _____________.

Measuring the heat produced in a sealed chamber can be used to determine a person's energy expenditure. This method is called ______________ __________________.

obese

direct calorimetry

Nature and nurture both play a role in determining our weight. Mark each statement as nature or nurture.

1. Your body's set point _____________.

2. Identical twins often share the same body type ________________.

3. High fat diets and inactivity promote weight gain _______________.

1. nature

2. nature

3. nurture

The least number of calories that Joe should consume in order to lose weight but continue to meet his nutrient needs is ___________.

1500 calories

1. ___________energy balance occurs when energy intake is greater than energy expenditure resulting in weight gain.

2. A ____________ energy balance occurs when intake is less than energy expended resulting in a weight loss.

3. Most adults should be in a state of energy ___________ where energy intake is equal to energy output. This results in weight maintenance.

1. Positive

2. negative

3. balance

Match the following behavior modification strategies with the correct statement.

A. Cognitive Restructuring

B. Chain Breaking

C. Stimulus Control

D. Contingency Management

E. Self Monitoring

1. ____ Keeping a food diary helps you track calories.

2. ____ To avoid overeating at a party you keep a low cal drink in your hands and stay away from the food.

3. ____ You shift your thoughts on food from allowed and not allowed to moderation.

1. ____ E. Self Monitoring

2. ____ C. Stimulus Control

3. ____ A. Cognitive Restructuring

Fat soluble vitamins have all the following characteristics except:

a. They are organic

b. Are absorbed into the lymph system

c. All are synthesized by the body

d. Are stored in large quantities

1. Lack of this vitamin can lead to rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults.

2. Xeropthalmia is a result of a deficiency of _______________.

1. Vitamin D

2. Vitamin A

1. Vitamin C is important in the formation of _______________ . Like Vitamin A and E it works as an antioxidant scavenging free radicals.

2. Combining _____________ with good sources of this vitamin will improve its absorption.

3. A deficiency results in scurvy which can be prevented by consuming ________ ________. This vitamin is often marketed as a cure for the common cold.

1. collagen

2. iron

3. citrus fruits

1. A friend of yours is a weight lifter. He just purchased a supplement of vitamin B-6. What are the side effects of mega doses of this vitamin?

2. Why would he consider taking this?

1. Megadoses of B-6 from supplements can cause hand and foot numbness as well as irreversible nerve damage.

2. Weight lifters use large amounts to build muscle mass.

1. A deficiency of thiamin results in beriberi which translates to I can't I can't. Pellagra is a deficiency of niacin and the symptoms include diarrhea, dermatitis, ____________ and death.

2. Ariboflavinosis results from a riboflavin deficiency leading to an inflamed tongue known as glossitis and ____________ , cracks around the mouth.

3. A deficiency of folate and vitamin ____________ both result in megaloblastic anemia, formation of large immature red blood cells.

1. dementia

2. cheilosis

3. B-12

1. To prevent dehydration two hormones are secreted. ____________ is secreted from the adrenal glands to conserve sodium and water.

2. The pituitary glands release __________ __________ to decrease urine output.

1. Aldosterone

2. antidiuretic hormone

What are ions?

Ions are minerals that have an electrical charge and are called electrolytes.

1. _____________ are essential nutrients. The degree to which they can be absorbed is called their bioavailability.

2. Minerals needed in amounts > 100 mg per day are called major minerals while those needed in quantities < 100 mg daily are ____________ minerals.

3. Would vitamins or minerals be more likely to be destroyed during the cooking process?

1. vitamins and/or minerals

2. trace

3. Vitamins

Name three factors that may negatively affect iron absorption

High fiber intake or Pica both adversely affects absorption. Zinc supplements can also interfere with iron absorption as well as other minerals.

Match the following minerals to their disease/deficiency.

a. Iron

b. Selenium

c. Iodide

d. Calcium

1. ___ A particular type of heart disease

2. ___ Osteoporosis

3. ___ Congenital hypothyroidism in children

4. ___ Anemia resulting from a low hematocrit and hemoglobin level

1. selenium

2. calcium

3. iodide

4. iron

Determine the maximum heart rate and the target zone for a 55 year old.

1. Maximum heart rate ________

2. Target zone ________ to ________ beats/minute

1. 165

2. (220-55=165)

(165x.6= 99)

(220-55=165)

(165x.9=149)

The primary fuel used for a 100 meter sprint would be

a. Fat

b. Carbohydrates

c. Protein

d. Both carbohydrates and fats

b. Carbohydrates

Name three benefits that occur from regular physical activity.

increased cardiovascular function

reduced stress

lower blood pressure

weight loss/control

reduced risk of certain cancers

improved sleep

improved immune function

improved blood glucose control

slowing of the aging process

improved self-image.

What compound is broken down to form ATP when the muscle stores are depleted? How long can this compound maintain muscle contractions?

Phosphocreatine (PCr) is broken down into phosphate and creatine to form more ATP.

PCr can maintain muscle contractions for approximately 10 seconds.

1. ____________can lead to serious consequences including heat exhaustion, cramps and heatstroke.

2. For every _____________ lost during a workout 2 ½ to 3 cups of fluid should be consumed during the exercise or afterwards.

3. Sports beverages are good for events lasting greater than 60 minutes and provide ____________, sodium and potassium which will stimulate thirst and make the beverage taste good.

1. Dehydration

2. pound

3. carbohydrates

Which of the following is not characteristic of disordered eating?

a. Use of stereoids

b. Striving for perfection

c. Exercising for fitness

d. Shape preoccupation

c. Exercising for fitness

What is the translation of anorexia nervosa and bulimia?

Anorexia Nervosa translates to a denial of appetite. Bulimia translates as Ox hunger

Which eating disorder best describes this scenario?

Caitlin is extremely competitive and runs hurdles for her college team. This is her freshman year and she has noticed that she has gained the freshman 15 over the winter. When she and her coach get together they decide that she may need to lose a little weight to improve her performance. She restricts calories by skipping lunch, drinking diet colas in place of milk and watching what she eats. At the same time, spring practice has started and she makes sure she is at the track for an hour after practice to improve her performance. What she doesn't realize is that by continuing her current eating patterns and exercise level she may actually be hurting her performance and her health.

a. Female athlete triad

b. Anorexia Nervosa

c. Bulimia Nervosa

d. Binge eating disorder

a. Female athlete triad

Which eating disorder best describes this scenario?

Caitlin is trying out for a school play and decides to lose a little weight. After impulsively eating, she goes to the bathroom to purge.

a. Binge eating disorder

b. Female athlete triad

c. anorexia nervosa

d. Bulimia nervosa

d. Bulimia nervosa

Which eating disorder best describes the following scenario?

Caitlin is trying out for a school play and decides to lose a little weight. Before long her friends start to make remarks about how good she looks. To speed up the process she begins to exercise several times a day. Before long she has lost 10 pounds but feels like she needs to lose more because every time she looks in the mirror all she can see are her fat thighs.

a. Binge eating disorder

b. Female athlete triad

c. anorexia nervosa

d. Bulimia nervosa

c. anorexia nervosa

Which eating disorder best describes this scenario?

Caitlin is going through a rough spot in her marriage and has no close friends to turn to for advice. Lately, she has found that cooking helps to relieve her stress. Last night she made brownies and ate most of the pan before her husband came home from work. Today she decided to make cookies to take to work but ended up eating most of the batter before she could bake them. The cookie dough just made her feel so good about herself.

a. Anorexia Nervosa

b. Bulimia Nervosa

c. Binge Eating Disorder

d. Night Eating Syndrome

c. Binge Eating Disorder

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Anorexia Nervosa?

a. Control of food leads to empowerment

b. Food equals comfort

c. Preoccupied with food

d. Denial of appetite

b. Food equals comfort

Provide one example of the effects of anorexia on each of the following: hair, heart and blood

Hair- brittle or thin

Heart- slow heart rate, low blood pressure or heart disease

Blood- anemia

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Bulimia Nervosa?

a. Tooth erosion

b. BMI < 17

c. Normal weight

d. Gum disease

b. BMI < 17

Name the three components of the Female Athlete Triad.

The female athlete triad involves disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods and osteoporosis related to inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake.

1. Undernutrition is the most common form of ____________ in developed as well as developing countries.

2. Food insecurity is the inability to get enough food or the quality and variety of the food is inadequate to meet ____________ needs.

1. malnutrition

2. nutrient

What are three strategies being used by the World Food Bank to counter undernutrition?

The World Food Bank is currently working to implement three approaches to counter undernutrition; increasing diversity of the food supply, fortifying food with nutrients and providing nutrient supplementation.

1. The first stage of gestation, during which rapid cell division occurs is known as the ___________ stage.

2. Development occurs from about week two through the ___________ week and is called the embryonic stage. The fetal stage occurs from week nine to the end of the pregnancy and is a period of growth.

3. All pregnancies are divided into three equal time periods, known as trimesters, each lasting approximately 13-14 weeks. A baby born after the thirty seventh week of pregnancy is considered ___________ term.

1. blastogenic

2. eighth

3. full

What is Pica?

Pica an abnormal craving for both food and nonfood items.

1. Prior to delivery, hormones prepare the breast for milk production. __________ is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland for milk production.

2. As the baby suckles oxytocin stimulates the __________ and the letdown reflex to secrete milk.

3. During the first few days following birth colostrum, which is high in protein and __________ __________, is secreted. This helps protect the intestinal health of the infant.

1. Prolactin

2. lobules

3. immune factors

1. Human milk or formula should meet the total nutrient needs for the first __________ months of life.

2. Both are rich in __________ to provide a concentrated source of calories and for brain and nervous system development. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid are long-chain fatty acids essential for brain and eye development. Solid foods can be introduced at 6 months of age.

3. A new food should be introduced at the rate of one per week to check for __________.

1. six

2. fat

3. allergies

Name three concerns that occur during the school age years that may impact a child's nutritional status.

Lack of regular meals, excess fat consumption, increased incidence of obesity and cardiovascular disease as well as diabetes.

1. During growth spurts adolescents have increased need for calcium for bone formation and iron to prevent ____________.

2. A typical diet is also low in __________, fat soluble vitamins and folate.

3. Teenagers should moderate their intake of fast food, sugar laden snacks and ____________ ______________ and focus on nutrient dense food choices from the five food groups.

1. anemia

2. zinc

3. sugary beverages

The increased incidence of overweight/obese children and teens and poor diet habits has resulted in all the following for this age group except:

a. Type 2 Diabetes

b. Hypertension

c. Type 1 Diabetes

d. Cardiovascular disease

c. Type 1 Diabetes

The increased incidence of overweight/obese children and teens and poor dietary habits has resulted in all the following for this age group except:

a. High blood pressure

b. High Cholesterol levels

c. Type 2 Diabetes

d. Pica

d. Pica

There are two main factors that are related to nutrient needs of adults and nutrition concerns that occur with aging. These factors are?

Physiological changes and psychosocial needs

1. The rate at which we age is influenced by several factors including lifestyle, environment and ____________.

2. Physical and ____(A)________ changes that are an expected part of aging such as increased fatty tissue, high blood pressure and declining bone and lean body mass is referred to as ____(B)________ aging.

1.) heredity

2.) A. physiological B. usual

Specify four reasons that an older adult would benefit from taking a multivitamin.

Physical limitations

dental issues

taste changes

Social isolation

depression

lack of money or transportation

Protein is considered both

A. Micronutrients and Inorganic

B. Macronutrients and Inorganic

C. Micronutrients and Organic

D. Macronutrients and Organic

D. Macronutrients and Organic

Define inorganic

any substance that does not contain carbon

True or False. If false, explain why it is false.

Nutritional value and taste are often the 2 most important reasons specific foods are consumed in North America.

False: Taste and texture are often the 2 most important reasons specific foods are consumed in North America.

Nutrition is the science that links foods to _____ and ______.

1. weight; health

2. nutritional value; disease

3. weight; disease

4. health; nutritional value

5. health; disease

5. health; disease

Explain the difference between Internal and External drives that influence our desire to eat.

The internal drive is hunger and is associated with negative sensations like churning, growling and pain in the stomach.

External drives have to do with appetite and are associated with positive food sensations and lead us to eat when we are not hungry.

List 3 hormones associated with satiety. Explain how at least 1 works to decrease hunger.

Leptin -alerts the brain to turn off the hunger center and activates the satiety center when consuming a meal.

Serotonin - affects motility and communicates with the brain for satiety.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) - slows down stomach emptying to give a feeling of fullness (also increases bile production and release from gallbladder).

the hormone that alerts the brain to turn off the hunger center and activates the satiety center when consuming a meal.

Leptin

the hormone that affects motility and communicates with the brain for satiety.

Serotonin

The hormone that slows down stomach emptying to give a feeling of fullness (also increases bile production and release from the gallbladder).

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A _________ is a substance that can promote growth and development, maintain tissues and cells, fuel the body for physical and metabolic work, or regulate a body process.

nutrient

Which type of molecule is defined as a substance that does not contain carbon?

1. Macronutrient

2. Organic

3. Inorganic

4. Micronutrient

3. Inorganic

True or False. If false, explain why it is false.

A vitamin is an inorganic micronutrient that regulates body processes.

FALSE: A vitamin is an organic micronutrient that regulates body processes.

Which of the following is an inorganic macronutrient?

Vitamins

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Water

Minerals

Water

List

(A) the building blocks (or monomers) of CARBOHYDRATES

(B) at least 2 of their functions

(C) at least 2 common sources of the nutrient in the diet.

A. Sugars and starches

B. Primary source of energy, also used in structure

C. grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and legumes

Vitamins contain both ____ and ____ forms.

fat soluble; water soluble

fat soluble; micro

trace; macro

micro; water soluble

macro; fat soluble

fat soluble; water soluble

The general name given to minerals required in relatively large quantities is____ minerals.

marco

Tom is on a diet restricting his consumption of amino acids. Which macromolecule would he be limiting?

protein

Which of the 6 nutrient classes are sources of energy? (Select all that apply):

Vitamins

Carbohydrate

fat

Protein

Water

Minerals

Carbohydrate

fat

Protein

Write the definition of a calorie (as used in the general term).

A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

What is the definition of an empty calorie food? List 1 example of an empty calorie food.

Foods that contain a lot of calories but have little to no nutritional value (lack vitamins and minerals)

Examples: junk foods, soda, juice, fast food, etc.

Compare and contrast (i.e. explain the similarities and differences) between undernutrition and overnutrition.

Include the terms' definitions and how they influence health outcomes.

Undernutrition and overnutrition are both considered to be a state of malnutrition. Neither category is ideal and needs to be addressed and advised to get the individual to a desirable nutrition status.

The difference between over and undernutrition is the total intake amount of nutrients and calories.

If an individual falls into the undernutrition category they are not consuming enough nutrients to support a healthy body. These individuals become depleted and lethargic.

If an individual falls into the overnutrition category they are overconsuming calories and nutrients.

Which of the ABCDE's of nutritional assessment has to do with physical examination?

Clinical

Environmental

Biochemical

Anthropometric

Dietary

Clinical

True or false. If false, explain why it is false.

The MyPlate message of balance has to do with the idea increasing the consumption for some groups and limiting the consumption of others.

FALSE: The MyPlate message of moderation has to do with the idea of increasing the consumption for some groups and limiting the consumption of others.

OR

The MyPlate message of balance has to do with the concepts of calories and portion size.

According to the MyPlate concept of Start Simple and Make Every Bite Count, give 2 examples of foods to increase and 2 examples of foods to reduce in the diet.

2 foods to increase include nutrient dense foods like fruits and vegetables.

2 foods to decrease in the diet include empty calorie foods like sodas and sweets.