social studies 30-1 review

individualism vs. collectivism

Individualism: Belief in the primary importance of the individual and in the principles (30-1) and values (30-2) of individual rights and freedoms, self-interest, competition, economic freedom, rule of law, private property.

Collectivism: Belief in the primary importance of the group or community and in the principles (30-1) and values (30-2) of collective responsibility, collective interest, cooperation, economic equality, adherence to collective norms, public property.

enlightenment and individualism

On 26 August 1789, the French National Constituent Assembly issued the Declaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen (Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen) which defined individual and collective rights at the time of the French Revolution.

Adherence to collective norms (collectivist idea)

Groups usually impose norms, or standards, on their members as a condition of membership in the group. These norms can relate conduct, values, or appearance. These standards are binding.

(rule of law is the corresponding individualism idea)

Collective interest

The set of interests that members of a group have in common. The principle of collective interest states that while individual members may have individual interests, these interests are often better addressed by making them a common set of interests that the group can address together. Individuals have both individual interests and collective interests.

Collective responsiblity

Holding a whole group or collective responsible for the actions of individuals(or individual groups) within the group or collective.

Tradition that requires all members of the Cabinet either to support government policy or resign.

Collectivism

A cultural orientation in which interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony take priority over personal goals. Emphasizes the common good.

principles are: CCCPAE

Co-operation

Collective interest

Collective responsibility

Public Property

Adherence to collective norms

Economic equality

Common good

The good of the community as a whole,(benefits the public health,safety and/or well being of society as a whole) as contrasted with private interests that may conflict with public interest. Also known as the public good.

Competition

the act or an instance of competing or contending with others. A business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers. An incentive for individuals and groups to work harder and more efficiently.

Autonomy

a state of individual freedom from outside authority

Self-reliance

the quality of being solely responsible for one's own well-being

Renaissance

1450-1600 means rebirth; characterized by a renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman culture; these cultures were very humanistic and individualistic

Principles of Individualism

P rivate property

R ule of law

I ndividual rights and freedoms

C ompetition

E conomic freedom

S elf-interest

Rule of Law

every individual is equal before the law; citizens are subject to clearly defined rules, rather than the arbitrary power of an individual or group in a position of authority

Individual Rights and Freedoms

individualism and an important feature of liberal democracies; freedom of religion, freedom of association, the right to life, liberty, and the security of the individual

Economic Freedom

is the freedom to buy what you want and to sell your labour, idea, or product to whomever you wish; without government interference in those transactions, free market

Welfare State

one in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for its citizens

Self-interest

Self-interest generally refers to a focus on the needs or desires (interests) of one's self.

Principles of Collectivism

economic equality; co-operation; public property; collective interest;collective responsibility; adherence to collective norms

Classical Liberal Ideology

A political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties and political freedom with representative democracy under the rule of law and emphasizes economic freedom

Economic Equality

The idea that each individual receives the same amount of material goods, regardless of his/her contribution to society.

Co-operation

a principle you are probably already very familiar with. Co-operation can be beneficial to individuals and groups precisely because individuals are unique and have different ideas about how to do things; means through which members of a group or a collective achieve their common goals; also called a co-operative

Public Property

land, buildings, vehicles are owned by the state or the community and managed according to the best interests of the community

Karl Marx

The Communist Manifesto "the theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property"

Collective interest

the set of interests that members of a group have in common; while individual members may have individual interests, these interests are often better addressed by making them a common set of interests that the group can address together

Collective Responsibility

holding the whole group responsible for the actions of the individuals within the group

Totalitarian

strong central government has complete control; uses the idea of collective responsibility

Democratic Socialism

an extreme version of collectivism being created in the Soviet Union by its leader at the time, Joseph Stalin

Social Capital

the strength of social relationships between individuals - and individualism

Canadian Society

characterized by many of the values of individualism such as individual rights and freedoms, the rule of law, and economic freedom, we also benefit from a variety of social programs and public services provided by our government, such as health care, employment insurance, welfare,and public education

liberalism

a collection of ideologies all committed to the principle of the dignity and freedom of the individual as the foundation of the society. liberalism has faith in human progress and tends to favour decentralized power, both in political and economic affairs and respect for the sovereignty of the reasoning individual

labour movement

the effort by organized labour to improve conditions for workers. collective interest is the basis for the organized labour movement, which began during and as a result of the industrial revolution.

common good

the good of the community; something that benefits the public health, safety and/or well-being of society as a whole

free market

a market that operates with limited government intervention. in a free-market economy, questions regarding production and marketing of goods and services are decided through the free interaction of producers and consumers

Ideology

A set of principles or ideas that explains your world and your place within it, which is based on certain assumptions about human nature and society explanation of the present and a vision for the future

Worldview

A collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or group

Progressivism

The idea you have of yourself as a unique individual

Personal Identity

The idea you have of yourself as a unique individual

Collective Identity

The identity that you share with other people as a member of a larger social group

Beliefs

Aspects of identity that influence behaviour and choices and how they guide people and view the world

Values

A person's principles or standards of behavior

Hegemony

Leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others

Pluralism

a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, sources of authority, coexist

Adherence to collective norms

Faithful Observance of the norms or standards imposed on members of a group as a condition of membership in the group. Can relate to conduct, values or appearance.

Collective Interest

The set of interests that members of a group have in common.

Collective responsibility

Holding a whole group or collective responsible for the actions of individuals within the group of collective

Collectivism

A current of thinking that values the goals of the group and the common good over the goals of any one individual

Common good

The good of a community; Something that benefits the public health, safety and well being

competition

the act or an instance of competing or contending with others. Competition is seen as an incentive for individuals and groups to work harder and more efficiently

Co-operation

Working together to the same end; A principle emphasized by collectivist ideologies

Economic Equality

A principle common to collectivist ideologies which can have different meanings depending on the person or the ideology.

Economic Freedom

The freedom to buy what you want and to sell your labour, idea, or product to whomever you wish

Individualism

A current of thinking that values the freedom and worth of the individual, sometimes over the security and harmony of the group

Individual rights and freedoms

A key principles of individualism and an important feature of liberal democracies;

Liberalism

A collection of ideologies all committed to the principle of the dignity and freedom of the individual as the foundation for society.

Private Property

Something that is owned by an individual, including real estate, other forms of physical possessions, and intellectual property.

Rule of Law

A key principle in liberal democracies that states that every individual is equal before the law and all citizens are subject are subject to the law

Self-Interest

Ones personal interest or advantage

Free Markets

A market that operates with limited government intervention

Censorship

The acts of restricting freedom of expression or freedom of access to ideas or works, usually by governments, and usually to protect the perceived common good

Democratic Socialism

Democratic socialism is a political ideology advocating democratic political system alongside a socialist economic system.

Kibbutzim

Collective identity of Israel based on agriculture.

Welfare State

A state in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for its citizens, usually through social programs

Cooperative

a farm, business, or other organization that is owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits.

Social Capital

the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.

Class System

The division of a society into different classes of people, usually based on income or wealth

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries when classical liberalism spread through Europe, also called the age of enlightenment

Free Market

A market that operates with limited government intervention

Industrialization

The stage of economic development during which the application of technology results in mass production and mass consumption within a country.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Non interference or non intervention. Laissez- Faire economics theory supports free markets and an individuals right to own private property.

Limited government

The principle of little government involvement in the affairs of an economy, in the belief that this results in more efficient self regulating markets.

Traditional Economy

An economic system usually practised by a pre-industrialized society, where needs are met through agriculture, hunting and fishing, and where there tends to be a division of labour based on custom and tradition

John Locke

John Locke, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism"

John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill, was a British philosopher, political economist and civil servant. He was an influential contributor to social theory, political theory and political economy.

Montesquieu

Montesquieu, was a French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who lived during the Age of Enlightenment.

Adam Smith

Adam Smith was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment

Enclosure

The act of enclosing. land that had been held in common becomes the private property of an individual.

Capital

The money or other assets with which an entrepreneur starts in business

Urbanization

An increase in the number of people residing in cities and extension of urban boundaries to include areas that we previously rural

Estates General

The legislative body in France until 1789, representing the three estates of the realm (i.e., the clergy, the nobility, and the commons).

Age of Reason

A period characterized by a prevailing belief in the use of reason; especially : the 18th century in England and France.

Humanists

Someone who believes in the supremacy of reason of individuals over faith and who has developed an interpretation of history and beliefs about human nature, the structure of society, and the purpose of life, based on reason rather than religion

Physiocrats

A group in enlightenment philosophers in France who criticized the prevailing economics of mercantilism.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that says that the aim of all economic pursuits should be to strengthen the power and wealth of the state

Classical Conservatism

An ideology that says government should represent the legacy of the past as well as the well being of the present, and that society should be structured in a hierarchical fashion, that government should be chosen by a limited electorate, that leaders should be humanitarian, and that the stability of society is all important

Command Economy

An economic system based on public (state) ownership of property in which government planners decide which goods to produce, how to produce them, and how they should be distributed

Communism

A system of society with a property vested in the community and each member working for the common benefit according to his or her capacity and receiving according to his or her needs

Feminism

The belief in the social, political and economic equality of the sexes.

Human Rights

The rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.

Labour Standards

A government enforced rules and standards aimed at safe, clean working environments and the protection of workers rights to free association, collective bargaining, and the freedom from discrimination

Labour Unions

Associations of workers engaged in a similar function who unite to speak with management about their concerns.

Marxism

A radical form of socialism, often called scientific socialism or communism.

Mixed Economy

An economic system based on free market principles but with some government intervention.

Progressivism

A 1920s movement in the united states, usually associated with president Theodore Roosevelt, that reacted to the perceived abuses of laissez - Faire, capitalism by large corporations.

Socialism

Any ideology that contains the belief that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society

Universal Suffrage

The right of all members of society, once they reach the age of accountability, to fully participate politically

Welfare Capitalism

Initiatives by industrialists to provide the government with non monetary rewards to head off the growing demand for labour unions

Luddism

A protest movement in the early 1800's against industrialization and mechanization.

Reactionary

A tending to oppose change

Chartism

A working class movement in Britain that focused on political and social reform from 1838 to 1848

Utopian

Humanitarians who advocated an end to the appalling condition of average worker in the industrial cabinet countries of the 19th century,