Biol 367 E3 review

In which of the following mechanisms of microbial control might some pathogens still survive?

sanitization

The successful cotreatment of septic *Enterococcus* infections with vancomycin and an aminoglycoside is an example of antibiotic

synergism

Highly active antiretroviral therapy is used to treat

HIV

The presence of ________ is essential for preventing respiratory infections

the mucociliary escalator

What is NOT a reason the skin is hard to colonize

high pH

Lipopolysaccharides, flagellin and double-stranded DNA are microbe-associated molecular patterns recognized by

pattern recognition receptors

The eye produced antimicrobial factors to prevent colonization, but ______ can colonize the eye resulting in pink eye

*Streptococcus pneumoniae*

Hannibal Lecter, an infamous serial killer, is attempting to use H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) to remove bloodstains from his latest victim from his 100% cashmere scarf and for disinfecting purposes. Why is it taking him so long to disinfect his scarf?

Blood is an example of organic load that can inhibit the process of disinfection.

Which of the following terms can describe the death rate of microbial cells when exposed to an antibacterial agent?

exponential

Standard conditions for sterilization by _____ are 121 C and 15 psi for 20 minutes

autoclaving

Because it is an essential component for every individual, supplements may be required if enough vitamin C is not found in the diet. Vitamin C is sensitive to heat. So that it can be safe for human consumption, how can vitamin C be sterilized before being packaged into supplements?

filtration

Which of the following statements regarding the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is false?

The MIC is the same for one drug regardless of bacterial species

Which of the following can completely change the intestinal mix of microbes

antibiotic treatments

Individuals take probiotics to

restore balance to the microbial community

Which of the following is evidenced by the health of gnotobiotic mice?

The presence of normal microbiota challenges the immune system.

How do naturally occurring *Staphylococcus* strains inhibit the growth of pathogenic strains?

producing short-chain fatty acids

An acidophile would live in the _______ while an alkaliphile would live in the _

stomach; duodenum

The blood-brain barrier is composed of

Extremely tight junctions

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical barrier to infection

defensins

What is the relationship between the humoral and cellular branches of immunity?

Humoral and cellular immunity are intertwined, each relying on some facet of the other to work properly.

Viruses cause more illnesses on an everyday basis than do bacteria. Why are there so few antiviral agents compared to antibacterial agents?

Viruses use functions of the host to replicate themselves, so achieving selective toxicity is difficult.

What is problematic about treating bacterial infections that have spread to the brain?

Many antibiotics are not capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier

The body’s immune response to a microbe is really multiple responses to multiple small regions of that microbe. Each small region that is recognized by a specific component of the immune system is referred to as what?

An epitope

Which of the following is NOT an example of a white blood cell (WBC)?

Erythrocyte

All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT

antibody synthesis

An example of oxygen-dependent killing is

superoxide ion

How long does it take for an adaptive immune response to develop when a new pathogen enters the body?

3-4 days

All of the following occur during a fever. What is the first step?

Pyrogenic cytokines bind to receptors on the hypothalamus

An immune response that is nonspecific is referred to as ____ immunity

innate

______ are molecules that snag neutrophils as they go through the blood vessel near the site of infections

selectins

TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT

cytokines

All of the following is true regarding a fever EXCEPT that

the use of fever reducers helps to speed recovery

Stomach pH is an example of a

chemical barrier

Which of the following is FALSE?

Heavy and light chains of antibodies are held together with phophodiester

Which of the following would be expected to elicit the largest production of antibodies (i.e., has the highest antigenicity?

A complex protein with many different epitopes

An antigen-presenting cell (APC) presents antigen to

helper T cells to activate the T cells during a cellular response

_____________ is responsible for the breakdown of triglycerides in the oils on human skin, leading to skin eruptions

*Cutibacterium acnes*