HOW TO WIN PEACE IN MIDDLE EAST

casuality (n)
/ˈkæʒuəlti/

In the context of war + accident + disaster, a casualty refers to individuals harmed or lost due to military actions or violent events.
Collocations: casualty rate, civilian casualty

dominance (n)
/ˈdɒmɪnəns/, /ˈdɑːmɪnəns/

The state of having power and influence over others, often in political, military, business contexts. It involves control over resources, decision-making, and strategic advantages.

Collocations: political dominance, market dominance

endure (v)
/ɪnˈdjʊər/

To undergo or sustain something difficult or unpleasant without giving up. It often refers to the ability to withstand hardship, pain, or adversity.

engagement (n)
/ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/

The act of participating or involving oneself in a conflict or diplomatic process, typically aimed at resolving issues or achieving an agreement. It can refer to military, political, or social interactions.

enrich (v)
/ɪnˈrɪtʃ/

To improve or enhance the quality of something, often by adding value or making it more diverse. In a social context, it can refer to the enrichment of cultural experiences or personal development.

factions (n)

/ˈfækʃənz/

Small groups or cliques within a larger political or social organization that often have differing opinions or interests, which can lead to conflict or competition.

Collocations: political factions, rival factions

inspection (n)
/ɪnˈspekʃən/

The act of examining or reviewing something closely, typically to ensure quality, compliance, or accuracy. Inspections can occur in various contexts, including military, regulatory, safety, quality and organizational settings.

Collocations: safety inspection, routine inspection

lawn (n)

/lɔːn/, /lɑːn/

A segment of grass-covered land, often maintained for aesthetic or recreational use, typically found in residential yards, parks, and gardens.

leak (v)

/liːk/

To allow a substance, often liquid or gas, to escape from a container or an area due to a hole, crack, or other openings. In a broader context, it can also refer to the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information.

loom (v)

/luːm/

militias (n)

/mɪˈlɪʃəz/

Armed groups formed to provide military or paramilitary support, often operating independently of a central government.
Context: conflict, war, security

Collocations: armed militias, local militias

missile (n)

/ˈmɪsaɪl/

A projectile weapon designed to be launched and directed at a target, often carrying explosive or destructive payloads. Missiles can be guided or unguided and vary in range and use.

oblige (adj/v)

/əˈblaɪdʒ/

To compel someone to do something as a duty or favor; to be bound by a moral or legal obligation.

Context: law, duty, politeness

partially (adv)

/ˈpɑːʃəli/, /ˈpɑːrʃəli/

In a manner that is not complete or whole; to some extent.

predecessor (n)

/ˈpriːdəsesər/

A person or thing that came before another in a position or role, often serving as a model or example.

Context: job, history, technology

Collocations: predecessor company, predecessor model

preliminary (adj)
/prɪˈlɪmɪnəri/

Actions or events that occur before a main event, often serving as preparation or introduction.

Context: research, competition, meeting

prosperity (n)

/prɒˈspɛrɪti/, /prɑːˈspɛrɪti/

The state of being successful or flourishing, particularly in financial or economic aspects. Prosperity often indicates a high standard of living and well-being within a society.

provoke (v)

/prəˈvoʊk/

To stimulate or incite a reaction or strong emotion in someone, often intentionally.

Context: reaction, anger, violence

Collocations: provoked anger, provoked violence

raid (n)

/reɪd/

A sudden attack or operation, often by police or military.

Context: police, military, crime

Collocations: police raid, military raid

regardless (adv)

/rɪˈɡɑːrdləs/

Without being affected by something; anyway.

Context: contrast, exception

regime (n)

/reɪˈʒiːm/

A government, especially an authoritarian one; a system or method.

Context: politics, government, system

Collocations: authoritarian regime, military regime

republic (n)

/rɪˈpʌblɪk/

A country governed by elected representatives and a president.

Collocations: Federal Republic, Democratic Republic

revolutionary (adj/ noun)

/ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri/

Involving or causing a complete or dramatic change; related to revolution.

Context: politics, technoliogy, change

Collocations: revolutionary ideas, revolutionary leader

sanction (n)

/ˈsæŋkʃən/

Official actions to punish or restrict, often economic or political.

Context: politics, international, law

Collocations: economic sanctions, impose sanctions

span (n)

/spæn/

The length of time or distance that something covers.

Context: time, bridge, coverage

Collocations: time span, attention span, bridge span

suck (v)

/sʌkt/

 To draw in by creating a vacuum; to be pulled in.

Context: physics, metaphor, vacuum

Collocations: suck in, suck out, suck dry

gamble something (on something) (v)

/ˈɡæmbəl/

To risk losing something in the hope of being successful

vindication (n)

/ˌvɪndɪˈkeɪʃən/

(formal) proof that something is true or that you were right, especially when others had a different opinion.

lash out (at somebody/something) (ph.v)

/læʃ aʊt/

To suddenly try to hit somebody/something.

bolster something (v)

/ˈboʊlstər/

To improve something or make it stronger.

obliterate something (v)

/əˈblɪtəreɪt/

To remove all signs of something, either by destroying or covering it completely.

contradict (v)

/ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt/

To say that something somebody else has said is wrong, and that the opposite is true.

set something/ somebody back (ph.v)

To delay the progress of something/somebody by a particular time.

unfold (v)

/ʌnˈfoʊld/

To be gradually made known; to gradually make something known to others.

formalise (v)

/ˈfɔːrməlaɪz/

To make an arrangement, a plan or relationship official.

culmination (n)
/ˌkʌlmɪˈneɪʃən/

The highest point or end of something, usually after a long time.

Achievement & Results

culmination of efforts, culmination of career

raid on/against something (v)

/reɪd/

A short surprise attack on an enemy by soldiers, ships or aircraft.

Military & Conflict

malign somebody/ something (v)

/məˈlaɪn/

To say bad things about somebody/something publicly.

Criticism & Reputation

deter (somebody) (from something/from doing something) (v)

/dɪˈtɜːr/

To make somebody decide not to do something, especially by showing difficulties or unpleasant results.

humiliate somebody/yourself/something (v)

/hjuːˈmɪlieɪt/

To make somebody feel ashamed or stupid and lose respect.

Emotion

infuriate somebody (v)

/ɪnˈfjʊrieɪt/

To make somebody extremely angry.

Emotion

repression (n)

/rɪˈprɛʃən/

The act of using force to control a group of people and limit their freedom.

Politic

fritter something away (something) (ph.v)

/ˈfrɪtər/

To waste time or money on things that are not important.

fritter away money, fritter away time

defend (v)

/dɪˈfɛnd/

To protect somebody/something from attack.

defend rights, defend territory

elbow somebody/something (+adv./prep.) (v)

/ˈɛlboʊ/

To push somebody with your elbow, usually to get past them.

wage something against/ on somebody/ something (v)

/weɪdʒ/

To begin and continue a war, battle, etc.

intrusive (adj)

/ɪnˈtruːsɪv/

Too direct, easy to notice, annoying or upsetting.

intrusive questions, intrusive behavior

inspection (n)

/ɪnˈspɛkʃən/

An official visit to check rules and standards are met.

consortium (n)

/kənˈsɔːrtiəm/

A group working together on a particular project.

international consortium, business consortium

offshore (adv)

/ˈɔːfʃɔːr/

Happening or existing in the sea, not far from the land.

sanction (against somebody) (n)

/ˈsæŋkʃən/

An official order limiting trade or contact with a country to enforce law.

impose sanctions, economic sanctions

recrimination (n)

/rɪˌkrɪmɪˈneɪʃən/

An angry statement accusing someone else, especially in response.

annex (v)

/əˈnɛks/

To take control of a country or region, especially by force.

improvise (v)

/ˈɪmprəvaɪz/

To make or do something using whatever is available.

outflank somebody/ something (v)

/ˌaʊtˈflæŋk/

To gain an advantage over somebody by doing something unexpected.

outflank the enemy, outflank opposition

bang/knock your/their heads together (idiom)

(informal) To force people to stop arguing and behave sensibly.

bleak (adj)

/bliːk/

(of a situation) not giving hope or expecting anything good.

futile (adj)

/ˈfjuːtaɪl/

Having no purpose because there is no chance of success.

drive a wedge between A and B (idiom)

/draɪv ə wɛdʒ/

To make two people start disliking each other.

lie ahead/in store (ph.v)

/laɪ əˈhɛd/, /ɪn stɔːr/

To be going to happen to somebody in the future.