classification of species and the 3 domains
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98 Terms
What is taxonomy?
The practice of biological classification.
Why is classification used?
To arrange organisms into groups based on their evolutionary origins and relationships.
What are the 7 taxonomic ranks from largest to smallest?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
What is the largest taxonomic rank?
Kingdom.
What is the smallest taxonomic rank?
Species.
What is a domain?
The highest taxonomic rank, above kingdom.
What are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.
What is the taxonomic hierarchy?
A system in which organisms are grouped into increasingly specific categories from domain to species.
What does each group in the taxonomic hierarchy represent?
A group of organisms sharing characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
What is a binomial name?
The two-part scientific name of an organism consisting of its genus and species.
What two parts make up a binomial name?
Genus and species.
How is the genus written in a binomial name?
With a capital letter.
How is the species name written in a binomial name?
With a lowercase letter.
How should a binomial name be presented?
It should be italicised when typed or underlined when handwritten.
What is the binomial name for humans?
Homo sapiens.
What does Homo represent in Homo sapiens?
The genus.
What does sapiens represent in Homo sapiens?
The species.
What is the domain Eukarya?
The domain containing all eukaryotic organisms.
Which taxonomic ranks are contained within Eukarya?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
What type of cells do organisms in Eukarya have?
Eukaryotic cells.
What are the three domains based on?
Cellular and molecular differences, particularly differences in ribosomal RNA and cell structure.
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.
Which two domains contain prokaryotic organisms?
Bacteria and Archaea.
Which domain contains eukaryotic organisms?
Eukarya.
What is a prokaryote?
An organism whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What is a eukaryote?
An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What are the main characteristics of Archaea?
They are prokaryotic, lack a nucleus, have no peptidoglycan in their cell walls and have distinctive membrane lipids.
What are the main characteristics of Bacteria?
They are prokaryotic, lack a nucleus and divide by binary fission.
What are the main characteristics of Eukarya?
They have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, are generally larger and divide by mitosis; reproduction may be sexual or asexual.
How do archaeal cell walls differ from bacterial cell walls?
Archaeal cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, whereas bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan.
What is peptidoglycan?
A polymer found in bacterial cell walls that provides structural support.
Do Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
No.
Do bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
Yes.
What is a major difference between archaeal and bacterial membrane lipids?
Archaea have glycerol-ether lipids, whereas bacteria have glycerol-ester lipids.
What type of membrane lipids do eukaryotes have?
Glycerol-ester lipids.
What type of membrane lipids do Archaea have?
Glycerol-ether lipids.
What type of membrane lipids do bacteria have?
Glycerol-ester lipids.
How do archaeal and bacterial ribosomes compare?
Both have 70S ribosomes, but archaeal ribosomes have some molecular features more similar to eukaryotic ribosomes.
What type of ribosomes do bacteria have?
70S ribosomes.
What type of ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells?
80S ribosomes.
What type of ribosomes are found in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
70S ribosomes.
What type of chromosomes do bacteria and Archaea generally have?
Circular chromosomes.
What type of chromosomes are found in eukaryotic nuclei?
Linear chromosomes.
What DNA is found in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Circular DNA.
What are histones?
Proteins associated with DNA that help package and organise it.
Do Archaea have histones?
Yes.
Do bacteria have histones?
No.
Do eukaryotes have histones?
Yes.
What are introns?
Non-coding sequences within genes that are removed from pre-mRNA during RNA processing.
Are introns found in eukaryotes?
Yes.
Are introns found in bacteria?
They are rare.
Are introns found in Archaea?
They can sometimes be present.
How do Archaea and bacteria differ in cell wall composition?
Archaea lack peptidoglycan, whereas bacteria have peptidoglycan.
How do Archaea and bacteria differ in membrane lipids?
Archaea have ether-linked lipids, whereas bacteria have ester-linked lipids.
How do Archaea and bacteria differ in histones?
Archaea have histones; bacteria do not.
How do Archaea and bacteria differ in introns?
Introns can occur in Archaea but are rare in bacteria.
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Which domain contains prokaryotes with 70S ribosomes and peptidoglycan cell walls?
Bacteria.
Which domain contains prokaryotes with 70S ribosomes but no peptidoglycan?
Archaea.
Which domain contains organisms with membrane-bound organelles?
Eukarya.
What is binary fission?
A form of asexual reproduction in which a prokaryotic cell replicates its DNA and divides into two genetically similar cells.
How do bacteria reproduce?
They commonly reproduce asexually by binary fission.
How do eukaryotic cells divide for growth and repair?
By mitosis.
Can eukaryotes reproduce sexually and asexually?
Yes.
What is the classification of a wolf at domain level?
Eukarya.
What kingdom does a wolf belong to?
Animalia.
What phylum does a wolf belong to?
Chordata.
What class does a wolf belong to?
Mammalia.
What order does a wolf belong to?
Carnivora.
What family does a wolf belong to?
Canidae.
What genus does a wolf belong to?
Canis.
What is the species name of the grey wolf?
Canis lupus.
What is the binomial name of the grey wolf?
Canis lupus.What is the cell type of Bacteria?
What is the cell type of Archaea?
Prokaryotic.
What is the cell type of Eukarya?
Eukaryotic.
What type of chromosome do Bacteria have?
Circular.
What type of chromosome do Archaea have?
Circular.
What type of chromosomes do eukaryotic nuclei have?
Linear.
What are bacterial membrane lipids?
Glycerol-ester lipids.
What are archaeal membrane lipids?
Glycerol-ether lipids.
What are eukaryotic membrane lipids?
Glycerol-ester lipids.
What type of ribosomes do Bacteria have?
70S.
What type of ribosomes do Archaea have?
70S.
What type of ribosomes are found in the eukaryotic cytoplasm?
80S.
What type of ribosomes are found in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
70S.
What is the bacterial cell wall made of?
Peptidoglycan.
What is the archaeal cell wall made of?
It does not contain peptidoglycan.
Do eukaryotic cells have cell walls?
Some do; plant and fungal cell walls are present but do not contain peptidoglycan.
Do Bacteria have histones?
No.
Do Archaea have histones?
Yes.
Do Eukarya have histones?
Yes.
How common are introns in Bacteria?
Rare.
How common are introns in Archaea?
Sometimes present.
How common are introns in Eukarya?
Present.