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who was Gabriel
angel of revelation, heavenly messenger
differences of Abraham covenant between faiths
Jews: covenant goes only for their people
Christianity and Muslims: covenant goes for all mankind
creeds and beliefs
golden rule
monotheism
covenant with Abraham to keep faith in God
Revelation - God communicating with humans
Prophets - people God revealed himself to
Moses
led Hebrews out of slavery
spoke with God and received 10 commandments on Mount Sinai
covenant of Moses renewed the one he made with Abraham
Abraham and Sarah covenant
Abraham offers his son Isaac to show God his dedication
God will protect the land and expand their families only if they follow the path of God
fulfilling covenant in Islam
Muhammad is fulfillment of Jesus’ ministry
fulfilling covenant in Christianity
Jesus fulfills covenant for humanity
fulfilling covenant in Judaism
following laws by first 5 books of bible fulfills covenant until savior returns
core beliefs about who God is
God is creator of everything
God governs universe with justice and honour
nothing happens without God
God is spirit therefore invisible
God is one
2nd creation story (genesis)
reveals how sin has separated humanity from God
1st creation story (genesis)
reveals God as loving creator and humanity as inherently good
3 key events in Genesis
creation
covenant with Abraham and Sarah
covenant with moses
Genesis
1st book of bible in Old Testament discussing origins of the universe
Abu Bakr
new caliph after Muhammad died
Islam historical events
Muhammad receives Qur’an
Muhammad receives revelation on Mount Hira
Muhammad’s teachings were unwelcome, people turned against him
Mecca accepted Islam after disputes, Muhammad returned to Medina
Muhammad returned to Mecca once more, creating pilgrimage ritual
Shi’ite/Shia belief on who succeeds Muhammad
blood relation
Sunni belief on who succeeds Muhammad
best suited for the role
major split in Islam
Sunni and Shia/Shi’ite couldn’t agree on who succeeds Muhammad
5 pillars of Islam
Creed (Shahadah)
Prayer (Salat)
Almsgiving (Zakat)
Fasting (Sawm)
Pilgrimage (Hajj)
Shariah law (3 books)
Qur’an, Sunna, Hadith
Allah (Islam)
creator of all things, sent prophets to warn people to return to justice and mercy
Tawhid (Islam)
unity of God
Qur’an
advice on how to worship, behave and see the world
Islamic creed
Shahadah, sums up Muslim scripture
Josef Mengele
performed medical experiments during Holocaust
Orthodox Judaism
don’t want to water down Jewish faith, men and women separate, can only be passed down to child through mother
conservative Judaism
rose in reaction to reform, many but not all commandments and traditions, active participation in synagogue
reform Judaism
interpret scripture in modern ways, women can be rabbis, individualism encouraged
3 types of Judaism
reform
conservative
orthodox
major Jewish beliefs
kosher, Sherma, one God who established covenant with them, God communicates through prophets, Messiah hasn’t come yet
Jewish sacred text
Torah, Talmud, Halakhah, Tankah
Jewish sacred creed
Shema Yisrael
zionism
movement with purpose of creating Jewish state in Palestine (modern day Israel)
the Holocaust
Nazi Germany’s deliberate attempt to exterminate Jewish race
the enlightenment
intellectual freedom, increased books and education, understanding rights
3 major events in shaping Judaism
the enlightenment
the Holocaust
zionism
diaspora
135 CE, romans expelled jews from Judaea, forcing them to take refuge in other countries, dispersing and scattering jews
St. Peter and St. Paul
formed Christian communities, established church in Rome, put to death for refusing to renounce faith in Jesus
key places of Christianity
Nazareth, Bethlehem, Jerusalem, Rome, Galilee
foundation stones of Christianity
keeping alive memory of Jesus
professing the one faith
the ministers of the church
ecumenical movement
ecumenical movement
uniting all faith groups to live peacefully on earth together in solidarity
results of reformation
council of Trent
The society of Jesus
The revival of spirituality
who made Anglicanism
King Henry VIII
who made the Mennonites
Menno Simons
anabaptist religion
people who didn’t identify with Luther or Calvin
who made Calvinism
John Calvin
who made Lutheranism
Martin Luther
4 main protestant branches
lutheranism
calvinism
anabaptists
anglicanism
the reformation
new branches of western christianity
conflict (east and west split reason)
eastern felt threat of Muslim armies around Constantinople
Christian armies attacked Constantinople
Byzantine empire fell to Muslim empire, Christianity in Constantinople declined
Christians faced persecution
creed (east and west split reason)
“and the son” added to nicene creed, east believed it undermined God
icons (east and west split reason)
western church thought east went too far worshipping icons
Why East and West split occurred
Icons
creed
conflict
Monasteries in the west
centered church around practices, places of stability and teachings
theology of St. Augustine
wrote about vision of God and church, addressed controversies, teachings were a new way of life
role of scripture
bible unified European communities, united teachings and developed church
structure of the church
church remained the same, specific leaders with distinct tasks
Christianity after collapse of Roman Empire
structure of the church
role of scriptures
theology of St. Augustine
monasteries in the west
Orthodox Christian belief
Jesus = head of church
church = body of Christ
Orthodox Christianity
east developed this with own church structures, traditions and customs
excommunication
banishment from religious group
pope and patriarch in Constantinople excommunicated each other, divided church
eucharist
west uses unleavened bread, only priests and bishops have blood
east uses leavened bread and has blood
filioque clause
the west saying “and the son” in creed, East thought it took away from significance of God
reasons for the Great Schism
filioque Clause, eucharist, excommunication
the Great Schism
east (Orthodox, Greece) and west (Roman Catholic, Latin) separation
Itchthus
Christians being persecuted by Romans drew half a fish, if someone completed it, safe to talk to them about faith
Jesus
crucified, suffered for sins of humanity
Jesus’ ministry
sought social justice and equality for all
challenged his faith
first Christians
Mary, Joseph, Apostles
first Christian’s beliefs
new covenant of Jesus is fulfillment of God’s covenant with Israel