Apush unit 7 part 4-5

American Plan

a World War I-era public health program targeting venereal disease and a 1920s anti-union strategy, or a hotel rate that includes accommodations and three meals. 

Bible Belt

a region of the Southern United States and the Midwestern state of Missouri, where evangelical Protestantism exerts a strong social and cultural influence.

Bolshevik Revolution

also known as the October Revolution, was a pivotal event in 1917 where Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia, overthrowing the Provisional Government and establishing the world's first communist state. 

Criminal Syndicalism Laws

laws that made it illegal to advocate for violent or criminal political and economic change

Eighteenth Amendment

declared the production, transport and sale of intoxicating liquors illegal,

Fordism

a system of mass production and consumption characterized by standardized industrial production, assembly lines, and relatively high wages for workers, which became dominant in the 20th century. 

Fundamentalism

a form of a religion, especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literalinterpretation of scripture.

Immigration Act of 1924

established a national origins quota system, severely limiting immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and completely barring immigration from Asia. 

Ku Klux Klan

an American Protestant-led Christian extremist, white supremacist, far-right hate group. It was founded in 1865 during Reconstruction in the devastated South.

Racketeers

a criminal, especially one who's involved in organized white collar crime or dishonest business dealings.

Red Scare

a form of moral panic provoked by fear of the rise, supposed or real, of left-wing ideologies in a society, especially communism and socialism.

Scientific Management

a management theory that uses scientific methods to analyze and improve work processes to increase efficiency and productivity, as advocated by Frederick Winslow Taylor. 

United Negro Improvement Association

a black nationalist and Pan-African organization that promoted racial pride, unity, and self-reliance, aiming to uplift and empower people of African descent worldwide. 

Volstead Act

also known as the National Prohibition Act, was enacted on October 28, 1919, to enforce the 18th Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States, and was named after Representative Andrew Volstead. 

Al Capone

notorious American gangster and businessman who led Chicago's criminal underworld from 1925–1931.

Henry Ford

is best known as the founder of the Ford Motor Company who pioneered mass production and the assembly line, making automobiles affordable and accessible to the middle class through innovations like the Model T. 

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a theory of the mind and a method for treating mental distress.

Horace Kallen

was a German-born American philosopher who supported pluralism and Zionism.

Charles Lindbergh

an American aviator and international hero who became famous for completing the first solo, nonstop transatlantic flight in 1927.

Mitchell Palmer

an American attorney and politician who served as the 50th United States attorney general from 1919 to 1921. He is best known for overseeing the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare of 1919–20.

Nicola Sacco

Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass.

John T. Scopes

a young, popular high school science teacher who became the defendant in the 1925 "Monkey Trial" (Scopes Trial) after agreeing to challenge Tennessee's Butler Act, which outlawed teaching evolution in public schools. 

Frederick W. Taylor

an American mechanical engineer who championed optimizing industrial efficiency by simplifying jobs and implementing standardized procedures to boost productivity. 

Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Italian anarchist immigrant who, along with Nicola Sacco, was controversially tried and executed for robbery and murder in Massachusetts in the 1920s, becoming a symbol of anti-immigrant sentiment and the fear of radical ideas during that era.

Randolph Bourne

prominent essayist and social critic, known for representing the generation of young intellectuals in the 1910s, critiquing modern American culture and politics, and opposing Progressive support for U.S. policy during World War I. 

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital

the Supreme Court struck down a minimum wage law for women in the District of Columbia, arguing it violated the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause by infringing on the right to freely contract labor. 

Nine-Power Treaty

affirmed China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and ensured the principle of the Open Door policy, guaranteeing equal trading opportunities for all nations in China. 

Agricultural Marketing Act

aimed to stabilize falling crop prices and support farmers by creating the Federal Farm Board with a stabilization fund to buy and store agricultural surpluses. 

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

a US law that significantly raised tariffs on imported goods, aiming to protect American businesses and farmers from foreign competition, but ultimately hindered international trade and contributed to economic instability.

Hawley-Smooth Tariff

a US law that significantly raised tariffs on imported goods, aiming to protect American businesses and farmers but ultimately worsened the global economic climate and deepened the Great Depression

Black Tuesday

a day of massive stock market panic and a precipitous drop in the Dow Jones Industrial Average, marking a key event that led to the Great Depression

Hoovervilles

shanty towns or makeshift settlements built by homeless people

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

a government-sponsored financial institution designed to provide emergency financing to failing banks and businesses, aiming to restore public confidence in the economy during the Great Depression

Bonus Army

the group of World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups who marched to Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand immediate payment of their promised bonuses, known as Adjusted Compensation certificates, which were scheduled for payment in 1945

Warren G. Harding

a Republican from Ohio, promised a "return to normalcy" after World War I and was known for his scandals, including the Teapot Dome scandal and the Ohio Gang, which involved financial jobs given to his friends.

Calvin Coolidge

succeeded Warren G. Harding after his death, known for his fiscally conservative policies, laissez-faire economics, and the period of economic prosperity known as the "Roaring Twenties

John W. Davis

a prominent American lawyer, politician, and diplomat who served as the Democratic nominee for president in 1924, losing to Republican incumbent Calvin Coolidge

Brain Trust

a group of young, reform-minded intellectual advisors who helped Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) during his presidential campaign and early administration, particularly in developing the New Deal policies

New Deal

a series of programs and policies implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1930s to combat the effects of the Great Depression, aiming to provide relief for the unemployed, stimulate economic recovery, and reform the financial system to prevent future crises; often summarized by the "Three Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform

First Hundred Days

the period from March to June 1933, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt, with Congress's support, enacted a series of New Deal programs aimed at addressing the Great Depression

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

separated commercial and investment banking, aiming to prevent risky speculation and protect depositors, and also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Civilian Conservation Corps

a New Deal program established in 1933, provided jobs for unemployed young men on environmental projects like reforestation and park development, aiming to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression

National Recovery Administration

aimed to stimulate the economy and eliminate "cutthroat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of fair practices, including setting minimum wages and maximum hours

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

by reducing crop surpluses through paying farmers to limit production, ultimately stabilizing the farming economy during the Great Depression

Dust Bowl

refers to the severe drought and dust storms that devastated the Great Plains region of the United States during the 1930s, exacerbating the Great Depression and leading to a mass migration of people seeking better conditions

Tennessee Valley Authority

a New Deal program designed to address economic and environmental issues in the Tennessee River Valley through projects like dam construction, flood control, and the generation of electricity, aiming to improve the region's agricultural and industrial development

Social Security Act

established a system of old-age benefits, unemployment insurance, and welfare programs for the needy, marking a significant expansion of the federal government's role in providing economic security.

Wagner Act

a landmark piece of labor legislation that established the legal right of most workers to organize unions and engage in collective bargaining, and created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to oversee labor relations.

Fair Labor Standards Act

established minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and youth employment standards, aiming to improve labor conditions and protect workers' rights.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions, focusing on unskilled and semi-skilled workers

Court-Packing Plan

Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1937 proposal to expand the Supreme Court, aiming to add justices who would support his New Deal legislation, after the court had struck down key programs

Keynesianism

an economic theory, primarily associated with John Maynard Keynes, which advocates for government intervention to stabilize the economy, particularly during recessions, through measures like increased spending and lower taxes to stimulate demand

FDR

the 32nd US President, served from 1933 to 1945, leading the nation through the Great Depression and World War II, and is known for his New Deal programs aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform.

Eleanor Roosevelt

he wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a strong New Deal supporter, and a prominent activist for civil rights, women's rights, and human rights both domestically and internationally.

Father Charles Coughlin

Roman Catholic "radio priest'' who founded the National Union for Social Justice in 1934, promoted schemes for the coinage of silver and made attacks on bankers that carried growing overtones of anti-Semitism.

Huey Long

a charismatic and controversial Louisiana politician, nicknamed "The Kingfish," who served as governor and senator, known for his populist "Share Our Wealth" plan and his eventual assassination, which eliminated a potential 1936 presidential challenge to FDR

Robert F. Wagner

best known for being the key figure behind the Wagner Act of 1935 (also known as the National Labor Relations Act), which established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and guaranteed workers the right to organize and bargain collectively