Studied by 4 people
Based on the 3rd edition biology textbook written by C.J. Clegg, Andrew Davis, Christopher Talbot
cell respiration
the enzyme-controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
a nucleotide, present in every living cell, formed in photosynthesis and respiration from ADP + P, and functioning in metabolism as a common intermediate between energy-requiring and energy-yielding reactions
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
a nucleotide present in every living cell, made of adenosine and two phosphate groups bonded in a linear sequence; it is important in energy-transfer reactions of metabolism
aerobic respiration
respiration requiring oxygen, involving the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water
anaerobic respiration
respiration in the absence of oxygen, producing either lactic acid (humans) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (plants and yeast)
lactic acid
organic acid produced by the body when glucose is broken down to generate ATP in the absence of oxygen; lactic acid is formed by lactate in solution
reduction
the gain of electrons in a chemical reaction; this can be by removing oxygen atom or by adding hydrogen atoms; is endergonic
oxidation
the loss of electrons in a chemical reaction; this can be by adding oxygen atoms or by removing hydrogen atoms; is exergonic
redox reaction
linked reaction where one substance loses an electron while the other gains an electron
coenzyme
substance that works with an enzyme to initiate or aid the function of the enzyme
NAD+ (NADH or NADH2) and FAD+ (FADH2)
a coenzyme that is a hydrogeen carrier in cellular respiration; it is reduced with additional hydrogen atoms
pyruvate
the end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs cycle when there is sufficient oxygen available
glycolysis
the first stage of cell respiration in which glucose is converted to pyruvate by stepwise enzyme-controlled reactions, without the use of oxygen; a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
phosphorylation
the addition of a phosphoryl group to an organic compound
decarboxylation
a chemical reaction that releases carbon dioxide (usually with hydrogen replacing it)
link reaction
the reactions that connect glycolysis to the reactions of the Krebs cycle by producing acetyl coenzyme A from pyruvate; carbon dioxide and NADH are produced by this reaction
Krebs cycle
the cyclical metabolic process in aerobic cell respiration involving the oxidation and decarboxylation of acetyl groups, with a yield of ATP and reduced NAD
electron transport chain
a series of proteins that transfer electrons received from reduced coenzymes, generating a gradient of protons that drives the synthesis of ATP
chemiosmosis
process by which the synthesis of ATP is coupled to electron transport via the movement of protons, using ATP synthase
ATP synthase (ATPase)
a complex of integral proteins located in the mitochondrial inner membrane where it catalyses the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flow of protons
