Human biology chapter 17 by Sylvia S mader and Windelspecht, reproductive system

gametes

reproductive cells

testes

produce sperm

Ovaries

Glands that produce the egg cells and hormones

uterine tubes

Transport eggs from ovaries to uterus.

ducts

transports sperm

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

mitosis

division of the nucleus

meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

reduction division

another name for meiosis I, the division where homologous pairs separate.

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

Zygote

fertilized egg

scrotum

External sac that contains the testes

epididymis

stores sperm

vas deferens

tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

bulbourethral glands

pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra

Ejaculation

ejection of sperm and fluid from the male urethra

2 seminal vesicles

prostate gland and bulbourethral glands

pH of semen

slightly basic, 7.5

sugar fructose

the natural sugar that provides the sweetness in vegetables.

Prostaglandins in semen

may thin the mucus of the cervical canal and may stimulate waves of contractions in uterus and uterine tubes to spread the semen

foreskin

a covering of skin over the penile glans

glans penis

the conical mass of erectile tissue that forms the head of the penis

Nitric Oxide (NO)

A gas produced by many types of cells that functions as a local regulator and as a neurotransmitter.

cGMP

cyclic guanosine monophosphate

what does cGMP do

makes smooth muscle to relax; erectile tissue fills with blood.

How does erection happen

veins that take blood away is compressed.

Erectile dysfunction

Inability to achieve or maintain an erection.

Orgasm

physiological and psychological sensations that occur at the climax of sexual stimulation

refractory period

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

amount of sperm expelled during ejaculation

100 mil sperm in the 3.5 mL of semen

importance of temperature for testes

scrotum regulates temperature by holding testes closer or farther away from the body

seminiferous tubules

Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes.

Spermatogenesis

Formation of sperm

spermatids

four haploid cells that are formed when a diploid reproductive cell divides meiotically

primary vs secondary spermatocytes

primary (2n): goes thru meiosis I and produces secondary (n)

Lobule in genitalia

compartments of testes.

Sertoli cells

nourish sperm

time between speratogenesis to sperm

74 days.

spermatozoa are

sperm cells

3 parts of the sperm

head, midpiece, tail

acrosome

A vesicle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg

androgen

Male sex hormone

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

GnRH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation

male secondary sex characteristics.

taller, broad shoulders, longer legs, hair growth, greater muscular developement and deeper voice

ova

egg

female sex hormones

estrogen and progesterone

uterine tubes contain

oviducts and fallopian tubes

Fimbriae are

hairlike appendages that allow for attachment

how long does an egg live

6-24 hours

implants def

embeds in the uterine lining

uterus

thick-walled, muscular organ

Cervix

The opening to the uterus

pap test

examination of cells taken from the cervix

hysterectomy

surgical removal of the uterus

oviarohysterectomy

removal of ovaries and uterus.

endometrium

inner lining of the uterus

2 layers of the endometrium

functional layer and basal layer

what is shed during menstruation?

functional layer of endometrium

basal layer

reproduces cells

its mucosal lining is folded and can stretch

vagina

is the vagina acidic or basic?

Bacteria makes it acidic.

sperm prefers ___ environment by seminal fluid.

basic

vulva

external female genitalia

labia majora

the larger outer folds of the vulva.

mons pubis

fatty prominence overlying the pubic bones

glans clitoris

exposed portion of the clitoris

Hymen

fold of membrane found near the opening of the vagina

Pubic symphyses

Joint between pubic bones of pelvic girdle.

oocyte

immature egg

females are born with how many follicles?

2 million

how many follicles do women have by puberty

300,000 to 400,000 by puberty

how many eggs ever mature

about 400

ovarian cycle

The 28 days of the menstrual cycle as they apply to events in the ovary. The ovarian cycle has three subphases: the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.

vesicular follicle

follicle bulges from surface of ovary

secondary follicle

has a fluid-filled space between granulosa cells that coalesces to form a central antrum

primary follicle

an immature ovum enclosed by a single layer of cells

ooegenesis

production of an oocyte

polar body

holds discarded chromosones.

Meiosis II

separates sister chromatids

ovulation

vesicular follicle bursts, releasing the oocyte.

corpus luteum

empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell

What is the follicular phase?

The first phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a follicle enlarges and matures.

What hormone controls the follicular phase?

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) from the anterior pituitary.

How long does the follicular phase typically last?

From day 1 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle.

What does the follicle secrete during the follicular phase?

Estrogen.

luteal phase

period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28), secretes high levels of progesterone and some estrogen

prolactin

stimulates milk production

secondary sex characteristics of women

axillary, pubic hair, more fac accumulation under the skin, and breast development, wider and deeper pelvic girdle, and larger pelvic cavity

Menopause

cessation of menstruation, between 45 and 55 years old

uterine cycle

The cycle that prepares the uterus for the growth of an embryo.

day 1 to 5 of menstruation

low levels of estrogen and progesterone, which causes the endometrium to disintegrate and its blood vessels to rupture.

menses

the flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation

day 6 to 13; proliferative fase

increased production of estrogen, endometrium thickens and becomes glandular

Day 14: Ovulation

LH surge, release of egg by ovary

day 15 to 28: secretory phase

increased production of progestorne by the corpus luteum adn endometrium thickens.

Placenta

organ that nourishes the fetus

hCG

human chorionic gonadotropin, maintains corpus luteum