L42: organs and structures of abdominal and pelvic cavity pt.2

MCQ: what organ is obstructed by the calculi?

penile urethra

list the urinary organs located only within the abdominal cavity,

kidneys and renal pelvis

lis the urinary organs located only within the pelvic cavity

urethra

what urinary organs can be located in both the pelvic and abdominal cavities?

bladder and ureters

what other body system organs are closely related topographically to the urinary system?

reproductive system and sometimes rectum

how does the lumen of the ureter appear?

star-shaped lumen created from epithelium projectiosn

what is the histology slide showing?

ureter

what cells compose the mucosa lining the lumen of the ureter?

transitional epithelium

what within the lamina propria of the ureter is found in horses only?

tubulo-alveolar mucus glands

what layer is absent in the ureters but found in the other organs of the urinary tract?

submucosa layer

tunica muscularis

thickest layer that provides major contractile forces of the ureter against the pressure of the bladder

what is the outermost layer of the ureter?

tunica adventitia or serosa

tunica adventitia

layer of loose connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels that surrounds the muscularis layer

does this histological slide show a relaxed or distended bladder?

relaxed bladder; has scalloped appearance and mucosa is 5 cells thick

does this histological slide show a relaxed or distended bladder?

distended bladder; cells stretched and mucosa is 3-4 cells thick

tunica mucosa

epithelial lining of urinary bladder

lamina propita

composed of connective tissue that allows for bladder to have elasticity to stretch

what is 4?

muscularis

what is 6?

submucosa

what is the tunica muscularis also referred to as?

detrusor muscle of the bladder

what is present on the bladder wall surface?

parasympathetic ganglia and nerve receptors

what is the red (histology showing urinary bladder)?

serosa

what is green (histology showing urinary bladder)?

submucosa

what is blue (histology showing urinary bladder)?

detrusor muscle

what is pink (histology showing urinary bladder)?

urothelium

what is yellow (histology showing urinary bladder)?

bladder lumen

what is 1?

tunica mucosa

what is 2?

tunica submucosa

what is 3?

tunica muscularis

what is 4?

tunica adventitia

what histological feature of the urinary bladder is absent in feline?

lamina muscularis of the submucosa

what does the slide show?

male urethra

how is the tunica mucosa folded?

longitudinally

what cells are found along the length of the penis?

stratified columnar or cuboidal

what cells are found at the urethral orifice in the tip of the penis?

stratified squamous

MCQ: during breeding, what structure is engorged with blood to provide some rigidity to the penis?

vascular cavernous spaces

MCQ: what animals have a sub-urethral divericulum?

cows and sows

MCQ: what is another name for the apex of the urinary bladder?

vertex

what are the clinical signs seen with lower

what anatomical findings will you see with LUTS?

1. redness and swelling of bladder

2. mucosal hyperplasia of bladder and uretethra

3. calculi/plug in bladder or urethra

why can male cats develop LUTS more than female cats?

narrow urethra predisposes to urethral obstruction, infections, and stones

what species will with see LUTS?

Main= cats; dogs as well

which sex of cat will have an increased risk if they are neutered or spayed before puberty?

ONLY FEMALES NOT MALES

what are the predispositions to LUTS?

breed and sex

what are the other causes of LUTS?

1. neurohormonal imbalances

2. stress

3. idiopathic (most common)

what structure is a point of obstruction when passing catheters to the bladder for ruminants (females)?

sub-urethral diverticulum

sub-urethral diverticulum

a ventral evagination formed by the urethra that opens with the urethra into the vagina

what is 13

sub-urethral diverticulum

what is the image showing?

“beans" seen in the urethral sinus of the stallion

what are “beans”?

contents of the urethral sinus that have accumulated and hardened due to the presence of smegma and other debris.

what surrounds the urethral process of the stallion?

fossa glandis

urethral sinus

a dorsal diverticulum of the fossa glandis present in stallionst hat collects secretions and debris.

what is the orange star referring to?

fossa glandis

what is the purple star referring to?

urethral sinus

what species is the urethral diverticulum/recess found in?

male ruminants

location of urethral diverticulum

caudal end of the pelvic urethra forms a dorsal invagination at the ischial arch

what is the arrow pointing at?

urethral diverticulum

urethral process of ruminants

short narrow tube-like structure on the tip of the penis

what is a common site for urolith entrapment in ruminants?

the urethral process or sigmoid flexure

what is the treatment of urolith entrapment in ruminants?

1. manually massage out urolith

2. amputation

what shape does the body of the penis form in ruminants and pigs and what does this allow for?

1. S-shaped sigmoidal flexure

2. extension of penis during erection

in ruminants and pigs, the urethra of which bend is more narrow: proximal or distal?

distal bend

what is the arrow pointing to?

urethral process

what is the function of the urethral process in the ruminants?

guide semen in cervix of females

what are hte common sites of blockage or stones in small animals?

1. bladder

2. ureter

3. urethra

where is a common site in dogs for blockage/stones?

along the distal urethra where the os penis narrows the lumen diameter

what are the common reasons for urinary obstructions?

1. uroliths/calculi

2. infections (UTI)

3. tumors

what sex is more predisposed to urethra obstructions and why>

males due to longer and narrower urethra

what is the yellow line showing?

ectopic ureter

what is the blue line showing?

normal ureter

ureteral reimplatation

surgical procedure for ectopic ureters; ligate, transect, and reattach

ectopic ureters

 congenital abnormality in which the ureteral orifice/s is/are located anywhere distal to the normal trigone location

what are the clinical signs seen with ectopic ureters?

1. urinary incontinence

2. stranguria

3. hematura

4. pollakiuria

pollakiuria

frequent, abnormal urination during the day

who do we typically see ectopic ureters seen in?

young female dogs about 10 months

function of genital fold

provide stability to the ductus deferens on the dorsal surface of the bladder

what is the only view you will see the genital fold?

dorsal view

movement of ductus deferens

turns caudally to get to the urethra by winding around the ureter

where are the bulbourethral sex glands located?

at the dorso-lateral caudal end of the pelvic urethra

what structures in large animals combine to form the ejaculatory duct?

ampullary gland and vesicular gland

what animal is this and how do you know?

bull or stallion due to presence of ejaculatory duct

what structures are closely related to one another in the female?

1. broad ligaments

2. uterine body

3. ureter

vestibulovaginal junction location

between the vagina and vestibule

where does the urethra open into?

travels caudally to open into the vestibulovaginal junction

what structure is used to demarcate the vagina and vestibule of the female genital tract?

vestibulovaginal junction

why is the vestibulovaginal junction considered an incorporation of the urinary tract?

urine must pass through vestibule before exiting the vulva since urethra does not open into exterior

anatomical relation of reproductive organs to urinary organs in female

reproductive organs are dorsal

what does the urinary reproductive system share?

1. similar external openings,

2. the vulval cleft in females, and the external urethral orifice in males

endothelium-lined caverns/vascular spaces

form an erectile plexus in the lamina propria-submucosa

what is the composition of the tunica muscularis in the vicinity of the bladder?

smooth muscle

what is the composition of the tunica muscularis in the remainder of the urethra (past bladder)?

skeletal muscle