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Election of 1828
This election:
- Featured Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams in a bitter campaign filled with mudslinging.
- Marked a shift toward greater democratic participation with an increase in voter turnout.
- Jackson won, symbolizing the rise of the "common man" in American politics.
- Signaled the decline of elite political control and the beginning of Jacksonian Democracy.
Jacksonian Democracy
This political philosophy:
- Emphasized greater political power for the common man.
- Advocated universal white male suffrage, ending property requirements for voting.
- Opposed monopolistic economic practices and supported states' rights.
- Led to increased patronage and the use of the spoils system.
Kitchen Cabinet
This informal group of advisors:
- Helped Jackson make decisions, bypassing the official Cabinet.
- Consisted of journalists, political supporters, and close friends.
- Weakened the influence of his official Cabinet, especially after the Peggy Eaton affair.
- Critics saw it as undemocratic, while supporters viewed it as a means of direct leadership.
Spoils System
This practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs:
- Ensured party loyalty and rewarded campaign contributors.
- Led to widespread corruption and inefficiency in government.
- Was later reformed with the Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883).
King Caucus
This system where congressional party members chose presidential candidates:
- Was seen as undemocratic, favoring elite political insiders.
- Replaced by the national nominating convention in the 1830s.
- Ended with Jackson's rise, as he advocated for more direct voter influence in elections.
National Republicans
This political party emerged in opposition to Jackson and the Democratic Party.
- Led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay.
- Supported a strong federal government, internal improvements, and the American System.
- Eventually merged into the Whig Party.
Democratic Republicans
This party originally formed by Thomas Jefferson evolved into Jacksonian Democrats.
- Advocated states' rights, agrarian interests, and opposition to a national bank.
- Split into two factions: Jacksonian Democrats (for the common man) and National Republicans (for federal power).
- Dominated American politics during Jackson's presidency.
Worcester vs. Georgia
This Supreme Court case affirmed Cherokee sovereignty.
- John Marshall ruled that Georgia had no authority over Cherokee lands.
- Strengthened Native American sovereignty and tribal autonomy.
- Jackson ignored the ruling, leading to forced Cherokee removal.
- Contributed to the Trail of Tears.
Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
This Supreme Court case:
- Ruled that the Cherokee were a "domestic dependent nation."
- Denied the Cherokee the right to sue in federal court.
- Set the stage for Worcester v. Georgia, which provided stronger protections.
- Did not prevent the eventual forced removal of Native Americans.
Trail of Tears
This is the name of the forced relocation of the Cherokee Nation from Georgia to present-day Oklahoma.
- Resulted from the Indian Removal Act (1830) signed by Jackson.
- Thousands died from disease, starvation, and exposure.
- Symbolized the brutal treatment of Native Americans under U.S. expansionist policies.
Indian Resistance - Black Hawk, Seminoles
- Black Hawk War (1832): Native Americans in Illinois resisted removal; crushed by U.S. forces.
- Second Seminole War (1835-1842): Led by Osceola, the Seminoles resisted removal in Florida.
- The Seminoles used guerrilla warfare and remained in Florida despite U.S. military efforts.
- Demonstrated the continued resistance of Native Americans to forced relocation.
Maysville Road Bill Veto
This was Jackson's rejection of federal funding for a Kentucky road project.
- Justified his veto by arguing that it was a state project, not a national one.
- Reflected his strict interpretation of the Constitution.
- Angered Henry Clay, who supported internal improvements.
Pre-emption
This principle gave squatters the right to buy land before it was officially put up for sale.
- Encouraged westward expansion and settlement.
- Favored small farmers over wealthy land speculators.
- Became part of the Homestead Act (1862) under Lincoln.
Nullification
This doctrine stated that states could nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional.
- Advocated by John C. Calhoun in response to the Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations).
- Led to a crisis between South Carolina and the federal government.
- Resolved by Jackson's Force Bill and the Compromise Tariff of 1833.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
This document written by John C. Calhoun:
- Opposed the Tariff of Abominations.
- Argued that states had the right to nullify federal laws.
- Laid the groundwork for South Carolina's nullification crisis.
- Showed growing sectional tensions between North and South.
Force Bill
This law gave Jackson authority to use military force to enforce federal laws.
- Passed in response to South Carolina's nullification crisis.
- Demonstrated federal power over states' rights.
- South Carolina backed down after the Compromise Tariff of 1833 was passed.
Foote Resolution
- Proposed limiting the sale of public lands in the West.
- Supported by Eastern industrialists who feared losing workers to the frontier.
- Opposed by Western expansionists and led to Webster-Hayne Debate.
- Reflected growing regional tensions.
Webster-Hayne Debate
- Debate over western land sales and states' rights vs. federal power.
- Robert Hayne (SC) argued for states' rights and nullification.
- Daniel Webster (MA) argued for national unity, saying, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"
- Highlighted tensions leading to the Civil War.
Peggy Eaton Affair
- Scandal involving John Eaton's wife, Peggy, and Washington social politics.
- Led to a rift within Jackson's Cabinet, contributing to the kitchen cabinet formation.
- Jackson defended Peggy Eaton, seeing it as a personal attack similar to criticism of his own wife.
- Resulted in the resignation of most of Jackson's Cabinet members.
Tariff of 1832
- Lowered the Tariff of 1828, but still unsatisfactory to the South.
- South Carolina responded by nullifying the tariff.
- Led to Jackson's passage of the Force Bill.
- Eventually resolved by Clay's Compromise Tariff of 1833.
Democrats vs. Whigs
Democrats (Led by Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren)
- Supporters: Farmers, laborers, western settlers, and southern planters.
- Program: Supported states' rights, opposed monopolies, and opposed the national bank.
- Views: Favored expansion, limited federal government, and universal white male suffrage.
Whigs (Led by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison)
- Supporters: Wealthier merchants, industrialists, and some Southern planters.
- Program: Supported internal improvements, the national bank, and a strong federal government.
- Views: Favored economic modernization, reform movements, and tariffs.
Nicholas Biddle
- President of the Second Bank of the U.S.; strongly opposed by Jackson.
- Defended the bank as a stabilizing force in the economy.
- Clashed with Jackson during the Bank War.
- His policies contributed to the Panic of 1837 after the destruction of the bank.
Jackson's Bank Veto
- Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Second BUS
- Justified his veto as protecting the common man from elite financial interests.
- Viewed as an expansion of executive power.
- Led to the redistribution of federal funds to "pet banks".
Election of 1832
- Featured Andrew Jackson (Democrat) vs. Henry Clay (National Republican).
- Main issue: Jackson's opposition to the national bank.
- First election with nominating conventions.
- Jackson won decisively, reinforcing his power against the bank.
Anti-Masonic Party
- First third party in U.S. history.
- Opposed secret societies, particularly Freemasons, as corrupt and undemocratic.
- Advocated moral reforms, including temperance.
- Later merged with the Whigs.
Liberty Party
- Early abolitionist political party (1840s).
- Advocated the immediate end of slavery.
- Nominated James G. Birney for president in 1840.
- Precursor to the Free Soil Party and eventually the Republican Party.
Roger B. Taney - pet banks
- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1836-1864).
- As Jackson's Treasury Secretary, transferred federal funds to state "pet banks".
- Played a key role in dismantling the Second Bank of the U.S.
- Later ruled in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), affirming pro-slavery views.
Specie Circular
- Executive order requiring land purchases to be made with gold or silver (species).
- Aimed to curb land speculation fueled by paper money.
- Led to a financial crisis as banks lacked enough species.
- Contributed to the Panic of 1837.
Election of 1836
- Martin Van Buren (Democrat) vs. multiple Whig candidates.
- The Whigs ran several candidates to force a House decision, but it failed.-
Van Buren won but faced economic turmoil.
- First election heavily influenced by the economic consequences of Jackson's policies.
Panic of 1837
- Severe economic depression caused by:
1. Specie Circular limiting credit.
2. Collapse of the Second Bank of the U.S..
3. Over-speculation in land and banking failures.
- Van Buren blamed, but largely a result of Jackson's policies.
- Led to widespread unemployment and business failures.
Independent Treasury Plan
- Van Buren's response to the Panic of 1837.
- Created a government-run treasury system independent of banks.
- Opposed by Whigs, who preferred a national bank.
- Became the foundation for modern U.S. financial policy.
Alexis de Tocqueville
- French political thinker who analyzed American democracy.
- Praised individualism, equality, and civic participation.
- Warned against the dangers of "tyranny of the majority".
- Influential in shaping European views on U.S. democracy.
Unitarianism - William Channing
- William Ellery Channing was a leading Unitarian preacher.
- Rejected Calvinist predestination, emphasizing human reason and morality.
- Unitarianism promoted social reform and rational Christianity.
- Influenced abolitionism and educational reform.
Charles G. Finney
- Evangelist preacher and leader in the Second Great Awakening.
- The Burned-Over District (western NY) was a hotbed of revivalist religious movements.
- Promoted perfectionism, individual salvation, and moral reform.
- Inspired abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights.
William Miller
- Founder of the Millerite movement, predicting the Second Coming of Christ in 1843-1844.
- His followers, the Adventists, later formed the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.
- Example of apocalyptic religious fervor during the Second Great Awakening.
- The Great Disappointment (1844) resulted when the world did not end.
Horace Mann
- Father of American Public Education.
- Advocated for universal free education and teacher training.
- Pushed for longer school terms, standardized curricula, and moral education.
- His reforms influenced the growth of public schooling in America.
Oberlin College
- First U.S. college to admit both women and Black students.
- Became a center for abolitionism and progressive education.
- Home to Charles Finney, who led revivalist and social reform efforts.
- Demonstrated growing support for equal education rights.
American Colonization Society
- Founded to relocate freed African Americans to Africa.
- Established Liberia as a colony for freed slaves.
- Supported by some abolitionists but opposed by most free Black Americans.
- Ultimately failed due to lack of widespread Black support and funding.
William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator
- Radical abolitionist who published The Liberator newspaper.
- Called for immediate emancipation of all enslaved people.
- Founded the American Anti-Slavery Society.
- Rejected gradual abolition and colonization efforts.
Horace Greely
- Founder of the New York Tribune.
- Advocated for abolition, women's rights, and western expansion.
- Coined the phrase "Go West, young man".
- Supported Lincoln and later the Liberal Republican movement.
Theodore Dwight Weld
- Abolitionist preacher and writer.
- Wrote "American Slavery As It Is", a powerful anti-slavery text.
- Worked with Grimké sisters to spread abolitionist ideas.
- Influenced Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Frederick Douglass
- Former enslaved person who became a leading abolitionist and orator.
- Wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.
- Published The North Star, an anti-slavery newspaper.
- Advocated for abolition, women's rights, and Black citizenship.
Cult of True Womanhood
- Ideology emphasizing piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness.
- Reinforced women's roles as homemakers and moral guardians.
- Used to justify limiting women's political and social power.
- Challenged by early feminists like Stanton and Anthony.
Underground Railroad
- A secret network of routes and safe houses aiding enslaved people in escaping to freedom.
- Led by abolitionists and former enslaved individuals like Harriet Tubman.
- Used codes and signals to communicate and avoid capture.
- Most routes led to Northern states, Canada, or Mexico, where slavery was abolished.
Nat Turner's Rebellion
- Slave uprising led by Nat Turner in Virginia.
- Turner and followers killed about 60 white people before being suppressed.
- Led to harsher slave codes and laws restricting Black education and assembly.
- Increased Southern fears of slave revolts and further divided North and South.
South defense of Slavery - arguments of
- Biblical justification: Claimed slavery was sanctioned by the Bible.
- Historical argument: Pointed to past civilizations (e.g., Greece, Rome) that used slavery.
- Economic necessity: Claimed slavery was essential for Southern agriculture, especially cotton.
- Racial superiority: Argued that African Americans were inferior and benefited from slavery.
Seneca Falls Convention
- First major women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY.
- Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.
- Issued the Declaration of Sentiments, calling for women's suffrage and equal rights.
- Marked the beginning of the organized women's rights movement in the U.S.
Susan B. Anthony
- Leading women's suffrage activist and social reformer.
- Co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA).
- Fought for women's right to vote, equal pay, and property rights.
- Played a key role in the 19th Amendment (1920), granting women the right to vote.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention and author of the Declaration of Sentiments.
- Advocated for women's suffrage, legal rights, and education.
- Co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony.
- Criticized the 15th Amendment for not including women.
Lucretia Mott
- Quaker abolitionist and women's rights activist.
- Helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention.
- Advocated for women's political and economic rights.
- Co-founded the American Equal Rights Association.
Sojourner Truth
- Former enslaved woman turned abolitionist and women's rights activist.
- Famous for her "Ain't I a Woman?" speech advocating both racial and gender equality.
- Fought for women's suffrage and Black rights.
- Supported the Union cause during the Civil War.
Harriet Tubman
- Former enslaved woman who became a conductor on the Underground Railroad.
- Personally led over 300 enslaved people to freedom.
- Served as a Union spy and nurse during the Civil War.
- Advocated for women's suffrage after the war.
Temperance Movement
- Movement against alcohol consumption, citing social and moral issues.
- Led by religious leaders and women's groups.
Maine Law
- The Maine Law (1851) was the first to prohibit alcohol sales.
- Paved the way for Prohibition (18th Amendment, 1920s).
Grimke Sisters
- Southern-born abolitionists and women's rights advocates.
- Spoke publicly against slavery, despite their family's slaveholding background.
- Criticized for being female public speakers, breaking gender norms.
- Wrote "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes".
Dorothea Dix
- Advocate for the mentally ill and prison reform.
- Investigated horrible conditions in asylums and prisons.
- Successfully pushed for the creation of mental hospitals.
- Served as Superintendent of Army Nurses during the Civil War.
Auburn System
- Prison reform system emphasizing solitary confinement at night but allowing group labor during the day.
- Aimed to rehabilitate prisoners rather than just punish them.
- Inspired later penitentiary reforms.
- More humane alternative to earlier harsh prison conditions.e.
Transcendentalism
- Philosophical movement emphasizing individualism, nature, and self-reliance.
- Rejected materialism and traditional religion.
- Key figures: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau.
- Inspired literary and social reforms, including abolitionism.
writers - Irving, Cooper, Melville, Poe,
Emerson, Hawthorne
- Washington Irving: "Rip Van Winkle," "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."
- James Fenimore Cooper: "The Last of the Mohicans" (frontier stories).
- Herman Melville: "Moby-Dick" (dark themes of obsession).
- Edgar Allan Poe: Gothic horror, detective fiction.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson: Transcendentalist essays, nature.
- Nathaniel Hawthorne: "The Scarlet Letter" (Puritan morality).
historians - Parkman & Bancroft
- Francis Parkman: Wrote about French and Indian War history.
- George Bancroft: Father of American historiography, nationalist perspective.
Henry David Thoreau
- Transcendentalist writer, known for Walden.
- Advocated for civil disobedience (resistance to unjust laws).
- Inspired Gandhi and MLK Jr.
- Opposed slavery and the Mexican-American War.
Hudson River School
- Art movement focused on romanticized American landscapes.
- Inspired by nature and nationalism.
- Led by Thomas Cole.
- Reflected Westward expansion and beauty of the frontier.
Lyceum Movement
- Education reform movement promoting public lectures and debates.
- Led by Josiah Holbrook.
- Spread science, literature, and political ideas.
- Supported adult education and reform movements.
Changing Population Patterns
- Increased immigration from Ireland and Germany (1840s).
- Growth of urbanization in Northern cities.
- Shift from agrarian to industrial economy.
- Rise of ethnic neighborhoods and nativist sentiment.
Charles Fourier - Brook Farm
- Utopian socialist promoting communal living.
- Brook Farm (1841-1847) attempted a self-sufficient transcendentalist community.
- Failed due to financial struggles.
- Part of a broader utopian movement.
Utopian Communities - Fruitlands, Oneida
- Fruitlands: Founded by Bronson Alcott, focused on self-sufficiency (failed).
- Oneida Community: Practiced communal marriage and shared property.
- Experimented with alternative lifestyles.
- Reflected dissatisfaction with mainstream society.
Joseph Smith - Mormons
- Founder of Mormonism and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
- Published the Book of Mormon (1830).
- Faced persecution, led Mormons west.
- Murdered in Illinois, succeeded by Brigham Young.
Samuel Morse
- Invented the telegraph and Morse code.
- Revolutionized long-distance communication.
- Improved business, military, and news reporting.
Elias Howe and Isaac Singer
- Howe invented the sewing machine.
- Singer improved it with a foot pedal.
- Transformed clothing production.
John Deere
- Invented the steel plow, making farming easier.
- Helped farmers cultivate tough prairie soil.
Cyrus McCormick
- Invented the mechanical reaper.
- Increased agricultural efficiency.
Caroline & Creole Affairs
- Caroline Affair (1837): U.S. ship attacked by the British.
- Creole Affair (1841): Slave revolt on a U.S. ship.
Election of 1840
- William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat).
- "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign.
- Harrison won, but died a month later.
- John Tyler became president.
