Intro to Psychology Final

define psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

who was William Wundt? what did he do?

1. father of psychology

2. built first psych lab and created structuralism

what is structuralism?

analysis of one’s own sensation and feelings through the use of introspection

what did Darwin introduce?

studying animals to understand human behavior

what did William James do? what theory did he come up with?

1. opened the first psych lab at Havard

2. functionalism

what is functionalism?

how behavior works to help people live in their environment

what is phrenology?

belief that the skull takes the shape of the brain and you can determine personality from that

who was Sigmund Freud

first psychoanalysis who discovered the unconscious mind

who was John B. Watson

American behaviorist who discovered emotional conditioning

who was Carl Rogers?

American humanist

what is psychoanalysis? who were the important people who studied it?

1. system of viewing individuals as the product of unconscious forces

2. Freud, Jung

what is the good part of psychoanalysis? what is the bad?

1. provides framework for analyzing unconscious

2. focuses on how people are products of negative unconscious impulses, difficult to prove

what is behaviorism? who were the important people who studied it?

1. viewing behaviors as the product of learning and associations

2. Skinner, Watson, Pavlov

what is the good part of behavorism? what is the bad?

1. observable, measurable, and scientific

2. takes away from ‘free will’

what is humanism? who were the important people who studied it?

1. believe that people are good and have free will

2. Rogers, Maslow

what is the good part of humanism? what is the bad?

1. gives people power over their own lives

2. no one is good all the time

what does the frontal lobe do?

receives information from other lobes and uses it to carry out bodily movements

what does the parietal lobe do?

processes body’s senses (taste, smell, touch)

what does the temporal lobe do?

interprets sounds, language, and the formation of memories (hippocampus)

what does the occipital lobe do?

interprets visual stimuli

what does the cerebellum do?

helps with fine movement coordination, balance, muscle memory

what does Broca’s Area do?

speech production and language processing

what does Wernicke’s Area do?

language comprehension, recognition, and interpretation and semantic processing

what does the corpus callosum do?

carry messages between hemispheres

what does the left side of the brain do?

language, logic, math

what does the right side of the brain do?

spatial abilities, imagination, face recognition

definition of personality

individual’s unique and enduring patterns of think, feeling, and behaving

what is the sugerego? when does it start?

1. develops morals and ethics

2. 6

what is the ego? when does it start?

1. understand that there are others and trys to balance wants (Id) with society (Superego)

2. 3

what is the id? when does it start?

1. basic needs and drives (unconscious)

2. born with it

where is the libido found? what is it?

1. Id

2. energy drive

(FSD) what is the focus of the oral stage? what is the key task?

1. mouth

2. weaning

(FSD) what is the focus of the anal stage? what is the key task?

1. anus

2. toilet training

(FSD) what is the focus of the phallic stage? what is the key task?

1. phallic

2. identifying with adult role models

(FSD) what is the focus of the latency stage? what is the key task?

1. none

2. interact with same sex peers

(FSD) what is the focus of the genital stage? what is the key task?

1. genitals

2. seek marriage partner

what is the talking cure?

psychotherapy where patient talks to therapist about experiences, thoughts, and feelings

what is free association?

therapy where patient expresses whatever thoughts come to mind without thinking or editing them

what is Jung’s persona theory?

public image changes on where or who you’re with

(ESD) what is the conflict in the oral sensory stage? what is the key task?

1. trust vs mistrust

2. feeding

(ESD) what is the conflict in the muscular anal stage? what is the key task?

1. autonomy vs doubt

2. toilet training

(ESD) what is the conflict in the locomotor stage? what is the key task?

1. initiative vs inadequacy

2. independence

(ESD) what is the conflict in the latency stage? what is the key task?

1. industry vs inferiority

2. school

(ESD) what is the conflict in the adolescence stage? what is the key task?

1. identity vs role confusion

2. peer relationships

(ESD) what is the conflict in the young adulthood stage? what is the key task?

1. intimacy vs isolation

2. love relationships

(ESD) what is the conflict in the middle adulthood stage? what is the key task?

1. generativity vs stagnation

2. parenting

(ESD) what is the conflict in the maturity? what is the key task?

1. ego-integrity vs despair

2. reflecting

what are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (top to bottom)?

1. self-actualization

2. esteem

3. belonging and love

4. safety

5. physiological

what is self actualization?

need to realize your fullest potential (all other needs must be met first)

what is a fully functioning individual?

someone who has developed their full potential and lives in a fulfilling way

what is emotional stability?

people who manage emotions efficiently in different situations

who was Cattell? what are source traits?

1. created personality test that used statistical techniques

2. each factor of personality

what are personality traits?

permanent characteristics describing how we perceive and respond to the world

what are cardinal traits? what are secondary traits?

1. ruling passions

2. weakest traits that only appear in certain situations

according to Adler, what does the oldest act like?

determined, born leader, organized, eager to please

according to Adler, what does the middle act like?

more relaxed, great negotiator

according to Adler, what does the youngest act like?

persistent, affectionate, crave the spotlight

according to Adler, what does the only act like?

confident, difficulty sharing, pays attention to detail

what is reinforcement?

something that follows a response and strengthens the tendency to repeat that response

what is primary reinforcement? what is secondary?

1. something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward

2. anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcement

what is observational learning? who created it?

1. learn by watching the behavior of others and the outcome of those behaviors

2. Bandura

what are the steps of modeling?

1. learner pays attention

2. retention by rehearsal

3. be physically ready

4. motivation

what is operant conditioning? who created it?

1. conditioning that results in the individuals’ action and the consequences they cause

2. Skinner

what is continuous reinforcement?

reinforcement given after each time a behavior occurs

what is classical conditioning? who created it?

1. unconditioned/conditioned stimuli and responses

2. Pavlov

what is generalization?

response spreads from one specific stimulus to another that resembles the original

what is spontaneous recovery?

sudden reappearance of an extinguished response

what is extinction?

gradual loss of an association over time

what is cognitive learning? who created it?

1. behavior produced for some adaptive purpose, not for reinforcement or responding to a stimulus

2. Tolman

what is a cognitive map? what is latent learning?

1. mental picture of (spatial) relationships between events

2. learning that’s not obvious but goes on under the surface

what did Mary Cover Jones discover? what experiment did she do?

1. emotional conditioning

2. Peter and rabbit experiment

is a risk factor?

genetics and/or environmental stressors

what is the DSM-V?

official book of mental illness

what is Autism? what do the sufferers usually do?

1. developmental disability that causes delays and problems in many areas (ex. communication)

2. obsess about routines/repeated behaviors

what are the categories of ADHD?

inattentive, hyperactive, impulsive

what is general anxiety disorder? what gender is more likely to suffer?

1. excessive unrealistic worry that lasts more than six months

2. women

what is panic disorder? what gender is more likely to suffer?

1. severe panic attacks and sometimes depression

2. women

what does post-traumatic stress disorder follow? what gender is more likely to suffer?

1. sexual/physical assault, witnessing a death, natural disaster

2. women

what is social anxiety disorder? what gender is more likely to suffer?

1. extreme anxiety about being judged or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment

2. equal

what are specific phobias? what gender is more likely to suffer?

1. suffering from intense fear of something

what is obsessive compulsive disorder?

persistent reoccurring thoughts that reflect exaggerated anxiety, typically about contamination

what do somatoforms do?

can create a wide variety of physical symptoms for which there is no physical cause

what is illness anxiety disorder? what gender is it more likely to affect?

1. a person in good that is preoccupied with imaginary ailments

2. equal

what is conversion disorder?

when an emotional difficulty is turned into the loss of a physical feature (loss is real but no actual damage)

what is persistent depressive disorder?

depressed mood that occurs for most of the day that lasts at least 2 monthsw

what is major depressive disorder?

depressed mood and diminished interest in almost all activities that last two week but may last months or years

what is seasonal affective disorder?

people who struggle with depression in the winter but not summer (or vis versa)

what is bipolar I?

depressive moods that last at least 2 weeks and manic moods that at least one week

what is mania?

experiences of elation, extreme confusion, exaggerated self-esteem

what are hallucinations? what are two types?

1. sensory perceptions which are not present

2. visual, auditory

what are delusions? what are the two types?

1. false inaccurate beliefs

2. grandiose, persecutory

what is schizophrenia?

presence of delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking/speech/movement

what is delusional disorder?

at least one month of delusions but no other psychotic symptoms

what are personality disorders?

long patterns of behavior and inner experiences that differ from what is expected

what is paranoid personality?

when someone thinks all actions by others are deliberately threatening or demeaning

what is schizoid personality?

someone who is fearful of closeness and intimacy with others, introverted, emotionally cold

what is narcissistic personality disorder?

someone with an exaggerated sense of self-importance and needs to seek constant attention

what is antisocial personality?

someone who ignores rules of social behavior, shows no respect for others, feels no remorse for behavior

what is borderline personality?

someone who is unstable, has difficulty with self image, has intense personal attachments, and has a fear of abandonment

what is dependent personality?

patterns of dependence and submissive behavior, relying on others to make decisions for them, and lacking in self-confidence