ap world midterm (units 1-6) review - semester 1

made by shebelyy

The increased food production accompanying the introduction of Champa rice from Vietnam during the eleventh century best illustrates the following?

A) The reliance of China on food imports

B) The importance of Vietnam to the world economy

C) The stimulation of agriculture by technological innovation

D) The influence of China on neighboring societies

C) The stimulation of agriculture by technological innovation

"Emperor Zhengzong, being deeply concerned with agriculture, came to know that the Champa rice was drought resistant and that the green lentils of India were famous for their heavy yield and large seeds. Special envoys, bringing precious things, were dispatched with a view to securing these varieties.... When the first harvests were reaped in the autumn, the emperor called his closest ministers to taste them and compose poems for Champa rice and Indian green lentils."

Shu Wenying, Buddhist monk, China, eleventh century C.E.

Which of the following made possible the Chinese cultivation of the staple crops described in the passage?

A) The creation of new forms of governance in China during the Song

B) Intensification of regional trade networks in East and South Asia

C The diffusion of Buddhism into China

D) The creation of disaporic trade communites along the Silk Road

B) Intensification of regional trade networks in East and South Asia

"Emperor Zhengzong, being deeply concerned with agriculture, came to know that the Champa rice was drought resistant and that the green lentils of India were famous for their heavy yield and large seeds. Special envoys, bringing precious things, were dispatched with a view to securing these varieties.... When the first harvests were reaped in the autumn, the emperor called his closest ministers to taste them and compose poems for Champa rice and Indian green lentils."

Shu Wenying, Buddhist monk, China, eleventh century C.E.

The activities of the state described in the passage are consistent with which of the following Song dynasty policies?

A) Increasing state investment in economic development, such as improving the Grand Canal

B) State-sponsored maritime expeditions in the Indian Ocean, such as those led by Zheng He

C) Tribute exchanges with Central Asian peoples, such as the Mongols

D) Revival of traditional Chinese forms of learning, such as Neoconfucianism

A) Increasing state investment in economic development, such as improving the Grand Canal

(IMAGE 1)
TWO SCENES FROM SOWING AND REAPING, A YUAN-DYNASTY (CIRCA 1350) COPY OF A SONG-DYNASTY (CIRCA 1150) ILLUSTRATED SCROLL ABOUT THE PRACTICE OF RICE CULTIVATION IN CHINA.

Workers irrigating a rice field by powering a mechnical water wheel with their feet.

- Purchase, W. M. Keck Foundation Gift and other gifts, in memory of Douglas Dillon, 2005

Image 1 best illustrates which of the following features of the Chinese economy in the period 1200 to 1450 ?

A) Technological innovations increased agricultural yields.

B) The government sponsored land reforms.

C) Confucian policies guided the way agrarian labor was performed.

D) Improvements in manufacturing techniques resulted in increased handicraft production.

A) Technological innovations increased agricultural yields.

(IMAGE 2)
TWO SCENES FROM SOWING AND REAPING, A YUAN-DYNASTY (CIRCA 1350) COPY OF A SONG-DYNASTY (CIRCA 1150) ILLUSTRATED SCROLL ABOUT THE PRACTICE OF RICE CULTIVATION IN CHINA.

Men, women, and children harvesting rice

- Purchase, W. M. Keck Foundation Gift and other gifts, in memory of Douglas Dillon, 2005

The activity depicted in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following characteristics of China’s economy before 1450 ?

A) The influence of Confucian labor policies

B) The impact of innovations borrowed from surrounding states

C) The reliance on systems of peasant labor

D) The dependence on trade along the Silk Roads

C) The reliance on systems of peasant labor

“Women leave their families to marry, and the husband is the master of the household they marry into. . . . The husband is to be firm, the wife soft; conjugal affections follow from this. While at home, the two of you should treat each other with the formality and reserve of a guest. Listen carefully to and obey whatever your husband tells you. If he does something wrong, gently correct him. Don’t be like those women who not only do not correct their husbands but actually lead them into indecent ways.”

Wife of a Tang dynasty official

The excerpt above best illustrates which of the following attributes of Confucianism?

A) The equality of all members of the family

B) The power of wives over their husbands outside the home

C) The virtues and duties of family members

D) The legitimacy of selling women to worthy families

C) The virtues and duties of family members

In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., states in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam had which of the following in common?

A) All successfully excluded European merchants.

B) All were conquered by the Mongols.

C) All rejected both Buddhism and Christianity

D) All were culturally influenced by China

D) All were culturally influenced by China

Which of the following best explains the changes in China’s population shown in the table above?

A) Immigration to China increased due to religious persecution of Buddhists in India and Southeast Asia.

B) Agricultural output increased as a result of the use of the new crop strains, iron plows, and expanded irrigation.

C) Less warfare with neighboring states and nomadic peoples also meant fewer casualties in wars and a population increase.

D ) The Confucian emphasis on the importance of family led many Chinese to have more children.

B) Agricultural output increased as a result of the use of the new crop strains, iron plows, and expanded irrigation.

Which of the following best supports the conclusion that Japan borrowed extensively from Tang and Song China?

A) Japan had established a decentralized power structure under a shogun by the eleventh century C.E.

B) Warriors or samurai gained substantial power and social status in Japan.

C) Societal relations in Japan were based on Confucian principles of hierarchy.

D) The Shinto religion continued to exert a strong influence on Japanese culture.

C) Societal relations in Japan were based on Confucian principles of hierarchy.

“Seeing that it is a girl’s destiny, on reaching womanhood, to go to a new home, and live in submission to her father-in-law and mother-in-law, it is even more incumbent upon her than it is on a boy to receive with all reverence her parents’ instructions. Should her parents, through excess of tenderness, allow her to grow up self-willed, she will infallibly show herself capricious and thus alienate his affection.”

Kaibara Ekken, Japanese author, Greater Learning for Women, 1716

The excerpt above exemplifies the continued influence on eighteenth-century Japan of which of the following?

A) The Christian tradition of children respecting their parents

B) The Buddhist encouragement of female spirituality

C) The Islamic practice of women appearing modestly in public

D) The Confucian emphasis on filial submission

D) The Confucian emphasis on filial submission

Which of the following has the greatest manufacturing capacity during the time period 1000 to 1450 ?

A) Japan

B) India

C ) China

D ) Western Europe

E ) Russia

C ) China

LIU GUANDAO, YUAN DYNASTY CHINESE COURT PAINTER, WHILING AWAY THE SUMMER, PAINTED SCROLL, CIRCA 1280
The image depicts a Chinese Confucian scholar and two female attendants.

In addition to China, the cultural tradition alluded to in Liu Guandao’s painting strongly influenced the society and culture of

A) the Ottoman Empire

B) India

C) Persia

D ) Korea

D ) Korea

The Chinese concept “Mandate of Heaven” was sometimes used to justify

A) widow immolation

B ) reincarnation

C ) monogamy

D ) rebellion

E ) foot binding

D ) rebellion

“[Under the Song dynasty], the number of men who were granted degrees [by passing the imperial examinations] suddenly rose, indicating a similar rise in the number of candidates. This was made possible by an increase in China’s productive power and the consequent accumulation of wealth. . . . A new class appeared in China [under the Song], comparable to the middle class in early modern Europe. In China this newly risen class concentrated hard on scholarship. . . .

In principle [the examination system] was open to all qualified applicants regardless of social background, which made it unusually democratic. . . . But for a candidate to continue his studies without interruption for such a long period required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people. . . . [Thus] the contention that the doors of the examination system were open to all applicants was an exaggeration, of course. . . . [Yet] we must not lose sight of the historical context: the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations, regardless of family background or lineage, was incomparably forward-looking in its day. . . . It is true that the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system. Yet, when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged.”

Ichisada Miyazaki, historian, China’s Examination Hell, book published in 1963

Which of the following best describes the author’s claim about the Chinese examination system in the second paragraph?

A) The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society.

B) The system strongly reinforced rigid class distinctions between nobles and commoners in Chinese society.

C) By offering opportunities to female scholars, the system elevated the prestige of women in Chinese society.

D) By encouraging conformism and obedience, the system prevented efforts to reform and modernize Chinese society in the nineteenth century.

A) The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society.

Which of the following developments best explains why many historians argue that the Song dynasty period (960-1279 C.E.) was pivotal in the development of China as an economic world power?

A) The widespread use of gunpowder technology in combat began during the Song period.

B)The invention of movable-type printing took place during the Song period.

C) The Neoconfucian synthesis of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism was completed during the Song period.

D) China’s population doubled and Chinese urban centers experienced massive growth during the Song period.

D) China’s population doubled and Chinese urban centers experienced massive growth during the Song period.

“It is not surprising that your nation [Japan] considers it its mission to unite and lead Asia. The European nations, for all their differences, are united like a single country in their attitude towards the non-Europeans. If, for instance, the Mongolians threatened to take a piece of European territory, all the European countries would make common cause to resist them.

But Japan cannot stand alone. She would be bankrupt in competition with a united Europe, and she could not expect support in Europe. It is natural that she should seek it in Asia, in association with a free China, Thailand, and, perhaps, in the ultimate course of things, a free India. An associated Asia would be a powerful force. Of course, that is to look a long way ahead, and there are many obstacles in the way, notably the absence of a common language and the difficulty of communication. But—from India through Thailand to Japan—we are, I believe, kindred peoples, having in common possession so much religion, art, philosophy.”

Rabindranath Tagore, Indian poet and Nobel Prize in Literature recipient, excerpt from a speech given while on a tour of Japan, 1916

The author’s claim in the second paragraph that Asian countries such as India, Japan, and Thailand, have certain cultural characteristics “in common possession” is most likely a reference to which of the following?

A) A shared experience of European colonization

B) Shared Buddhist religious influences

C) Shared Confucian political principles in government

D) Shared literary languages and ethnic origins

B) Shared Buddhist religious influences

“If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims.”

*rulings on Islamic law

Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349–1352

The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following?

A) The literary tradition of long-distance travelers in the Islamic world

B) The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain

C) The impact of Christian attempts to reconquer Spain from the Muslims

D ) The efforts of Islamic missionaries to spread their faith along trade routes

B) The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain

“If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims.”

*rulings on Islamic law

Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349–1352

The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following?

A) The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean

B) The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests

C) The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere

D) The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity

B) The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests

“The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the Abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . . disintegration of the state. . . . The disintegration of the Abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of Islam was coming to an end, like that of Alexander the Great before it. . . . Indeed, that Islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [Shi‘ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the Islamic [state] owed its existence.”

*an Arabic term designating an enslaved person, in this case, a slave soldier of Turkic origin

Patricia Crone, Danish-American historian of Islamic history, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, 1980

Despite the disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate, Islam continued to spread across Afro-Eurasia in the period 1200–1450 primarily because of which of the following?

A) The conquest of the Christian Crusader States in the Levant

B) The activities of Sufi missionaries

C) The voyages of the Muslim eunuch Zheng He

D) The translation activities of Muslim scholars

B) The activities of Sufi missionaries

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E.

Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following best describes the effect of the spread of Islam on Indian Ocean trade?

A) It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes.

B) It led to the disappearance of previously established trade networks.

C) It led to an expansion of land-based caravan trade but also to a decline of maritime trade.

D) It led to the first creation of trade links between previously isolated world regions.

A) It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes.

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E.

Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about the South and East Asian trading cities on the map?

A) They were under the direct political control of Oman.

B) They had a majority Arab population.

C) They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities.

D) They were primarily sources of slave labor for the Omanis.

C) They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities.

In the period 1000 to 1450, which of the following developments partially resulted from knowledge of Greek science and technology?

A) Japanese temple design in Kyoto

B) Christian theology in the Roman Empire

C) Islamic medical books in Baghdad

D) Mongol military tactics in Central Asia

E) Inca bridge design in the Andes

C) Islamic medical books in Baghdad

“My father moved to Bukhara [in Central Asia] and was entrusted with governing one of the estates of a Persian ruler. My father provided me with a teacher to study the Qur’an and a teacher for literature. My father was influenced by Shi‘a propaganda, and he would appeal to me to accept it, but my soul would not. In my household, there was also talk of philosophy, geometry, and Indian calculation,1 and my father sent me to a vegetable seller who used Indian calculation and so I studied with him.

Around that time my father hired an Arab scholar to teach me philosophy. I learned about Aristotle. I read the Greek geometrician Euclid and read the Greek astronomical and mathematical treatise called the Almagest. I devoted myself to studying the texts—the Greek original and the Muslim commentaries—in the natural sciences and metaphysics.

Next I sought to know medicine and so I read books on it. I excelled in a very short period of time so that distinguished physicians began to study the science of medicine under me.”

Abu Ali ibn Sina, Sunni intellectual and physician, autobiography, early eleventh century

As described in the passage, the cultural influences in Bukhara are most directly a legacy of which of the following?

A) Interactions between Muslims and Hindus following the spread of Islam into northern India

B) The influence of Chinese culture and statecraft in the early caliphates

C) Cross-cultural interactions following the spread of the Safavid Empire

D) The role of western European merchants in bringing Classical Greco-Roman knowledge to the Muslim world

A) Interactions between Muslims and Hindus following the spread of Islam into northern India

“My father moved to Bukhara [in Central Asia] and was entrusted with governing one of the estates of a Persian ruler. My father provided me with a teacher to study the Qur’an and a teacher for literature. My father was influenced by Shi‘a propaganda, and he would appeal to me to accept it, but my soul would not. In my household, there was also talk of philosophy, geometry, and Indian calculation,1 and my father sent me to a vegetable seller who used Indian calculation and so I studied with him.

Around that time my father hired an Arab scholar to teach me philosophy. I learned about Aristotle. I read the Greek geometrician Euclid and read the Greek astronomical and mathematical treatise called the Almagest. I devoted myself to studying the texts—the Greek original and the Muslim commentaries—in the natural sciences and metaphysics.

Next I sought to know medicine and so I read books on it. I excelled in a very short period of time so that distinguished physicians began to study the science of medicine under me.”

Abu Ali ibn Sina, Sunni intellectual and physician, autobiography, early eleventh century

Which of the following most likely explains why Muslims such as Ibn Sina would have been interested in studying the philosophical ideas discussed in the second paragraph?

A) The adoption of Greek ideas of republican and democratic governance shaped the early development of the Islamic caliphate.

B) The use of observation and logic in studying the natural world was part of a Muslim intellectual tradition.

C) Muslim intellectuals were heavily influenced by polytheistic mystery religions.

D) Greco-Roman concepts of rigid social and ethnic hierarchies heavily influenced the early Muslim community.

B) The use of observation and logic in studying the natural world was part of a Muslim intellectual tradition.

The translations and works of Muslim scholars such as Ibn Sina became influential in Europe in the period before 1450 most directly as a result of

A) the flourishing of trading cities along the Silk Roads in Central Asia

B) political fragmentation and decentralization in medieval Europe

C) cultural exchanges between Christians and Muslims in the Mediterranean region

D) the fall of Constantinople to the expanding Ottoman Empire

C) cultural exchanges between Christians and Muslims in the Mediterranean region

Which of the following statement regarding the tenets of Islam is accurate?

A) Islam is a monotheistic religion.

B) Muslims worship Muhammad.

C) Pilgrimage to Mecca commemorates the bith of Muhammad.

D) The Qur’an is meant to supplement Jewish and Christian scriptures.

E) Friday is an obligatory day of rest for Muslims.

A) Islam is a monotheistic religion.

THE CONSTELLATION HERCULES, NAMED AFTER AN ANCIENT GREEK MYTHICAL HERO. PAGE FROM A 1430 COPY OF THE BOOK OF FIXED STARS, AN ASTRONOMY BOOK WRITTEN BY A TENTH-CENTURY MUSLIM SCIENTIST

This copy of The Book of Fixed Stars was made for the ruler of the Timurid dynasty, a Turkic state that controlled much of Central Asia during the fifteenth century. The dots scattered across the figure indicate individual stars and the symbols next to the dots indicate the stars’ relative brightness, as observed by Muslim astronomers.

The sponsoring of scholarship by Turkic dynasties, such as the Timurids, best shows that, in the period circa 1200–1450, scholarly activities in the Muslim world continued despite the

A) conquest of Baghdad by the European Crusaders

B) expansion of the Song dynasty into Muslim Central Asia

C) Byzantine reconquest of Palestine and Lebanon

D) fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate

D) fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate

THE CONSTELLATION HERCULES, NAMED AFTER AN ANCIENT GREEK MYTHICAL HERO. PAGE FROM A 1430 COPY OF THE BOOK OF FIXED STARS, AN ASTRONOMY BOOK WRITTEN BY A TENTH-CENTURY MUSLIM SCIENTIST

This copy of The Book of Fixed Stars was made for the ruler of the Timurid dynasty, a Turkic state that controlled much of Central Asia during the fifteenth century. The dots scattered across the figure indicate individual stars and the symbols next to the dots indicate the stars’ relative brightness, as observed by Muslim astronomers.

Muslim scholars’ incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies can best be used as evidence that

A) most educated Muslims continued to speak European languages well into the fifteenth century

B) European merchants had established trade outposts throughout Muslim Central Asia

C) Muslim scientists rejected the contributions of scientists from other cultures as heretical

D) Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia

D) Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia

THE CONSTELLATION HERCULES, NAMED AFTER AN ANCIENT GREEK MYTHICAL HERO. PAGE FROM A 1430 COPY OF THE BOOK OF FIXED STARS, AN ASTRONOMY BOOK WRITTEN BY A TENTH-CENTURY MUSLIM SCIENTIST

This copy of The Book of Fixed Stars was made for the ruler of the Timurid dynasty, a Turkic state that controlled much of Central Asia during the fifteenth century. The dots scattered across the figure indicate individual stars and the symbols next to the dots indicate the stars’ relative brightness, as observed by Muslim astronomers.

Muslim scientists in the period before 1450 c.e. generally participated in intellectual and scholarly exchanges with neighboring cultures by

A) being the recipients of funding from foreign rulers

B) serving strictly as copyists of earlier works that otherwise would have been lost

C) expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research

D) learning from the superior scientific knowledge of medieval western European scientists

C) expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research

The photograph above shows a fourteenth century C.E. mosque in the city of Xi’an, central China. This image most clearly supports which of the following conclusions about the spread of Islam?

A) Early Muslim communities in China adopted local architectural styles for their religious buildings.

B) Political instability in fourteenth-century China encouraged the spread of Islam.

C) Islam spread to China before Buddhism did.

D) Early Muslim communities in China disguised their mosques as Confucian academies.

A) Early Muslim communities in China adopted local architectural styles for their religious buildings.

Which of the following ideas was given to Muslims on the authority of the Qur’an?

A) All earthly existence is merely an illusion.

B) Muhammad is God.

C) The soul may be reborn in another earthly form after the death of the individual.

D) Moses and Jesus were both great prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity.

E) The cow is a sacred animal, and the eating of beef is therefore a sacrilegious and impure act.

D) Moses and Jesus were both great prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity.

“What they [the Franks] learned from the Arabs wasindispensible in their subsequent expansion. The heritage of Greek civilization was transmitted through Arab intermediaries. In medicine, astronomy, chemistry, geography, mathematics, and architecture, the [Franks] drew their knowledge from Arabic books, which they assimilated, imitated, and then surpassed. . . . In the realm of industry, the Europeans first learned and then improved upon the processes used by the Arabs in papermaking, leather-working, textiles, and the distillation of alcohol and sugar.”

Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, 1984

The passage above best illustrates which of the following?

A) Muslims’ examination of their own cultural and economic decline after the Crusades

B) The debt the Arab world owed Europe for preserving Arab scientific knowledge and cultural history

C) The reason European industrial expertise far surpassed that of the Arab world

D) The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology

D) The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT

Abu Zayd and Al-Harith sailing, miniature from Maqamat of al-Hariri (1054–1122), manuscript 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237, 13th century / Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the travel depicted in the illustration?

A) To convert peoples of other faiths to Islam

B) To create diasporic merchant communities

C) To recruit soldiers for the Caliphate

D) To bind diverse communities to a common tradition

D) To bind diverse communities to a common tradition

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT

Abu Zayd and Al-Harith sailing, miniature from Maqamat of al-Hariri (1054–1122), manuscript 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237, 13th century / Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images

The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following?

A) Transportation and maritime technologies

B) Large-scale trading organizations

C) Geographic patterns of currents and winds in the Indian Ocean

D) The expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate

A) Transportation and maritime technologies

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT

Abu Zayd and Al-Harith sailing, miniature from Maqamat of al-Hariri (1054–1122), manuscript 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237, 13th century / Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images

Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments?

A) The voyages of Chinese treasure fleets led by Zheng He

B) The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans

C) The spread of epidemic diseases

D) The growth of the African slave trade

B) The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans

Which of the following was most responsible for the initial spread of Islam to West Africa?

A) Soldiers who fought on behalf of the Abbasid caliphate

B) Officials in Sudanese empires

C) Merchants on the trans-Saharan trade routes

D) Muslims fleeing persecution on the Iberian peninsula

C) Merchants on the trans-Saharan trade routes

“I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures.

Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the sciences, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!”

Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 c.e.

*a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism

Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph of the inscription?

A) King Adityawarman was a bodhisattva.

B) King Adityawarman was a Buddhist teacher.

C) Statues of Buddhist divine figures could spiritually benefit everyone.

D) Statues of Buddhist teachers were revered by rulers and common people.

C) Statues of Buddhist divine figures could spiritually benefit everyone.

The photograph above of Angkor Wat in Cambodia is an example of

A) the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia

B) the wealth created by the spice trade

C) Japanese architecture

D) Hindu influence in Southeast Asia

E) the Chinese reconquest of Indochina

D) Hindu influence in Southeast Asia

The founder of Buddhism developed a religion centered on

A) belief in heaven

B) regulation of social interactions

C) support of the caste system

D) elimination of desire and suffering

E) monotheism

D) elimination of desire and suffering

“Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms.

Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims.

I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur’an.”

*Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court.

Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E.

Based on the passage, which of the following most strongly influenced Dara Shikoh’s religious views?

A) Shi‘ism

B) Sufism

C) Buddhism

D) Zoroastrianism

B) Sufism

Which of the following was the main reason that Buddhist thought had important social implications for South Asia?

A) It encouraged larger family size.

B) Its followers were incorporated into the Brahman caste.

C) It challenged hierarchies based on caste.

D) It reinforced the idea of obedience to the emperor as a means to salvation.

C) It challenged hierarchies based on caste.

The ninth-century monument pictured above, located on the island of Java in present-day Indonesia, best exemplifies which of the following historical processes?

A) The conflict between secular and religious principles of government

B) The spread of universalizing religions beyond their places of origin

C) The rejection of universal religions by rulers wishing to protect local religious practices

D) The growth of popular religion

B) The spread of universalizing religions beyond their places of origin

“One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed.

When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway’s route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest.”

Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553

Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author’s arguments about the quality of the highways described in the passage?

A) They were built by men with tools.

B) They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom.

C) There were many roads throughout the kingdom.

D) Their construction was supervised by government officials.

B) They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom.

“One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed.

When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway’s route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest.”

Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author most directly use to support his argument about the king of Spain following the Inca method of highway construction?

A) The Inca rulers constructed roads to help complete conquests.

B) The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly.

C) The Inca rulers clearly marked their kingdom with boundaries.

D) The Inca rulers could acquire specialized tools to cut through mountains.

B) The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly.

“One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed.

When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway’s route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest.”

Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his argument about the pride of Inca rulers in the second paragraph?

A) Inca rulers followed the method of dynastic succession for passing political authority from one ruler to another.

B) Inca rulers performed religious ceremonies to bless the highways and those who traveled on them.

C) Inca rulers had officials assign men from the provinces to construct the highways.

D) Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.

D) Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.

By 1200 C.E. Improved agricultural technology had spread throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa primarily through the

A) development of oxen immune to diseases carried by the tsetse fly

B) discovery of gold that provided a means of exchange among groups

C) expansion of the Sahara Desert, which forced Berber peoples to move south

D) migration of Bantu-speaking peoples with their knowledge of ironworking

D) migration of Bantu-speaking peoples with their knowledge of ironworking

“Scholars have been mesmerized by the huge extent of the present distribution of Bantu languages and could think of only a single process, an equally huge human migration, ‘the Bantu expansion,’ to explain it.... [This] scenario is fatally flawed, however, for two reasons. First it fell prey to the illusion that only a migration could fit the evidence.... [But] a language can spread without involving the migration of any communities. The second fatal error was to collapse a history which encompassed the developments of one to several millennia into a single migration event. The evidence shows that many different dispersals of single languages succeeded each other at different times, not continuously.”

Jan Vansina, historian, “New Linguistic Evidence and ‘the Bantu Expansion,’” scholarly article, 1995

In addition to languages, the peoples discussed in the passage are credited with the diffusion of which of the following in sub-Saharan Africa?

A) Monumental architecture

B) New agricultural techniques

C) Nomadism

D) Writing Systems

B) New agricultural techniques

Which of the following was a continuity in the development of African states in the period circa 1200–1450 ?

A) African states such as Ethiopia maintained close contacts with South and East Asian states across the Indian Ocean but rarely had contacts with Europe.

B) Despite geographical barriers, some African states were able to maintain diplomatic and cultural contacts with the broader Afro-Eurasian world.

C) Most African states rejected traditional forms of international diplomacy, such as dynastic marriages and tribute payments.

D) African states needed to maintain friendly diplomatic relations with Europe in order to expand their empires.

B) Despite geographical barriers, some African states were able to maintain diplomatic and cultural contacts with the broader Afro-Eurasian world.

Which of the following continuities in the development of African states in the period circa 1200–1450 most likely explains the prevalence of Christianity in Ethiopia?

A) Some African states’ religious traditions continued to be influenced by cultural transfers dating back to earlier centuries.

B) Some African states were famous for their religious toleration and for allowing multiple religious traditions to coexist in their territories.

C) African states’ official religions were typically syncretic mixtures of several different religious traditions.

D) While African populations mostly continued to adhere to indigenous polytheistic religions, African political elites often adopted monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam.

A) Some African states’ religious traditions continued to be influenced by cultural transfers dating back to earlier centuries.

Which of the following was a key similarity in the policies of the rulers of African states such as Ethiopia in the period circa 1200–1450 ?

A) They granted their subjects unrestricted freedom of speech.

B) They used religion and laws to bolster their legitimacy.

C) They faced challenges to their power from powerful merchant elites.

D) They sought to achieve economic self-sufficiency by restricting trade contacts with other societies.

B) They used religion and laws to bolster their legitimacy.

Which of the following was a common feature of most Asian and European philosophies during the period of 1000 to 1450?

A) A close association with religion

B) Emphasis on experimental science

C) Reliance on ideas of individual freedom

D) Substantial scholarly exchange of ideas among all world cultures

E) Wide availability through printed books

A) A close association with religion

MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN,* ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E.

*The lordship of Béarn was located in present-day southwestern France.

The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following political systems?

A) Manorialism

B) Serfdom

C) Monasticism

D) Feudalism

D) Feudalism

MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN,* ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E.

*The lordship of Béarn was located in present-day southwestern France.

The image most directly illustrates which of the following features of the political development of medieval Europe?

A) Its bureaucratization, as European rulers developed sophisticated systems of record keeping to strengthen their authority.

B) Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates.

C) Its reliance on Roman traditions, as European rulers used ancient customs to demonstrate their legitimacy.

D) Its ethnic and cultural diversity, as European rulers granted ethnic and religious groups the right to use their own laws and traditions.

B) Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates.

MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN,* ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E.

*The lordship of Béarn was located in present-day southwestern France.

In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments?

A) Local elites’ need for military protection from more powerful lords

B) Local elites’ desire to expand the commercial power of local towns

C) Local elites’ need for military assistance to eliminate religious heresies

D) Local elites’ desire to attract new settlers to their territories

A) Local elites’ need for military protection from more powerful lords

“I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England:

Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages.

That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346.

The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail.”

King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351

The terminology used in the opening sentence of the decree was most directly influenced by which of the following?

A) The notion that the Pope is the supreme leader of the Church

B) The medieval rules of chivalry and courtly etiquette

C) The deep influence of Christianity on medieval society and culture

D) The slow and uncertain nature of communications in medieval Europe

C) The deep influence of Christianity on medieval society and culture

“I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England:

Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages.

That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346.

The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail.”

King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351

The process of “consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm” in the making of Edward III’s decree best reflects which of the following?

A) The emergence of the concept that parliaments, rather than kings, had ultimate political authority in European states

B) The fragmented, decentralized nature of European feudal monarchies

C) The legacy of Roman imperial political traditions on medieval European states

D) European rulers’ practice of making harsh legislation more palatable by claiming it was part of God’s will

B) The fragmented, decentralized nature of European feudal monarchies

“I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England:

Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages.

That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346.

The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail.”

King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351

The need for legal action to address the “grave inconveniences” that might result from the labor shortages described in the passage most likely resulted from

A) the agrarian nature of medieval European economies and their reliance on coerced labor

B) the inability of members of the nobility and other feudal lords to take direct legal action against their workers and serfs

C) the high social rank and economic standing of plowmen in medieval English society

D) the presence of guild regulations prohibiting agricultural laborers from working more than a certain number of hours each week

A) the agrarian nature of medieval European economies and their reliance on coerced labor

“The evil-disposed in these districts [of England] began to rise, saying, they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no slaves, and that no one ought to be treated as such. . . . This they would not longer bear, but had determined to be free, and if they labored for their lords, they wanted to be paid for it. A crazy priest in the county of Kent, called John Ball, who for his absurd preaching, had been thrice confined in prison, inflamed those ideas. He would say: ‘Are we not all descended from the same parents, Adam and Eve? and what can the lords show, or what reasons give, why they should be more the masters than ourselves?’ ”

Jean Froissart, account of a peasant revolt in England, 1381

The description of the peasant revolt best supports which of the following conclusions?

A) Peasants were hostile to the idea of wage labor.

B) Peasants used religious beliefs to justify their resistance.

C) Peasant demands for equality were supported by the highest levels of religious leaders.

D) Peasant revolts were more frequent in England than elsewhere in this period.

B) Peasants used religious beliefs to justify their resistance.

“The evil-disposed in these districts [of England] began to rise, saying, they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no slaves, and that no one ought to be treated as such. . . . This they would not longer bear, but had determined to be free, and if they labored for their lords, they wanted to be paid for it. A crazy priest in the county of Kent, called John Ball, who for his absurd preaching, had been thrice confined in prison, inflamed those ideas. He would say: ‘Are we not all descended from the same parents, Adam and Eve? and what can the lords show, or what reasons give, why they should be more the masters than ourselves?’ ”

Jean Froissart, account of a peasant revolt in England, 1381

The events described in the passage represent a reaction against which of the following forms of coerced labor?

A) Slavery

B) Military conscription

C) Indentured servitude

D) Serfdom

D) Serfdom

English nobles resisted peasant demands such as those described in the passage because agricultural labor in many parts of fourteenth-century Afro-Eurasia had become scarce as a result of which of the following developments?

A) The migration of peasants to cities in search of industrial employment

B) Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases

C) The development of wage-based economies with the emergence of capitalism

D) Widespread famine resulting from rising global temperatures

B) Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases

Which of the great religious systems below were characterized by monotheism combined with a sacred text and a strong missionary thrust?

A) Buddhism and Confucianism

B) Buddhism and Hinduism

C) Christianity and Judaism

D) Christianity and Islam

E) Islam and Judaism

D) Christianity and Islam

From the founding of each religion, Christians and Muslims shared a belief in

A) the principle of separation of church and state

B) the legal equality of men and women

C) equality of opportunity

D) a single omnipotent deity

D) a single omnipotent deity

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the political systems in western Europe and China during the time period 1000—1300?

A) Western Europe developed multiple monarchies, while China maintained a single empire.

B) Developments in the legal systems of China emphasized individual political rights, while western Europe concentrated on maritime law.

C) Both societies began an aggressive policy of imperialism and territorial expansion.

D) Both societies gradually adopted a representative democratic system.

E) Both regions experienced Mongol imperial rule.

A) Western Europe developed multiple monarchies, while China maintained a single empire.

The term “samurai” describes men in feudal Japan who were most like the men in feudal Europe known as

A) lords of the manor

B) Catholic bishops

C) serfs

D) knights

E) merchants

D) knights

Inca and Aztec societies were similar in that both

A) developed from Maya civilization

B) acquired empires by means of military conquest

C) independently developed iron technology

D) depended entirely on oral record keeping

B) acquired empires by means of military conquest

The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following?

A) Spread of Hinduism

B) Spread of Christianity

C) Extent of trade routes

D) Seasonal migrations of nomads

C) Extent of trade routes

Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century?

A) The increase in all forms of coerced labor to build housing

B) The decline of the Mongol khanates across Asia

C) The reopening of Indian Ocean trade networks by Chinese explorers

D) The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

D) The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following?

A) The Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean

B) North Africa and western Europe

C) East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea

D) The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

C) East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea

TRADE ROUTES IN NORTH AND WEST AFRICA, CA. 1200-1500

Which of the following led most directly to the development of the trading network on the map?

A) The growth of trading cities on the Swahili Coast

B) Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai

C) The overall decline in the trade of goods along the Silk Roads

D) The emergence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in West Africa

B) Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai

TRADE ROUTES IN NORTH AND WEST AFRICA, CA. 1200-1500

Which of the following contributed most directly to an increase in trade along the routes on the map?

A) The expansion of empires such as Mali in West Africa

B) The expansion of the Mongol Empire across Eurasia

C) The start of the Protestant Reformation in western Europe

D) The completion of the Christian Reconquista of Spain

A) The expansion of empires such as Mali in West Africa

TRADE ROUTES IN NORTH AND WEST AFRICA, CA. 1200-1500

The spread of which of the following religious traditions was most directly facilitated by trade along the routes shown on the map?

A) Christianity

B) Buddhism

C) Islam

D) Judaism

C) Islam

The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by

A) opening large new markets for both European and East Asian goods in Central Asia

B) increasing the demand for military supplies needed by the Mongol armies that occupied various regions

C) decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans

D) discouraging seaborne trade along the Indian Ocean routes that competed with the Silk Roads

C) decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans

Which of the following resulted from the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire following the death of Genghis Khan?

A) The collapse of the Byzantine Empire

B) The development of khanates in Central Asia

C) The spread of Islam into East Asia

D) Increased trade between Africa and Asia

B) The development of khanates in Central Asia

Historians who argue that there was substantial global integration by the end of the thirteenth century would most likely cite which of the following as evidence to support their claims?

A) The political unification of large territories under imperial rule in the Mediterranean and East Asia

B) The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests

C) The spread of global capitalism from Europe to Africa and Southeast Asia

D) The creation of a new Atlantic trade system based on plantation economies in the Caribbean and the Americas

B) The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests

“Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts.”

*capital cities of various Chinese dynasties

**capital cities of various Persian dynasties

René Grousset, French historian of Central Asia, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1939

Which of the following demonstrates the assimilation of nomadic conquerors into conquered societies during the period circa 1250–1450 ?

A) The rulers of the Mali Empire converting to Islam through the influence of North African merchants and missionaries

B) The rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopting Chinese court culture and methods of rule

C) Trading states in Southeast Asia such as the Khmer and Srivijaya empires adopting syncretic Hindu-Buddhist practices

D) Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans expanding their output because of a rising demand for luxury goods in Afro-Eurasia

B) The rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopting Chinese court culture and methods of rule

“Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts.”

*capital cities of various Chinese dynasties

**capital cities of various Persian dynasties

René Grousset, French historian of Central Asia, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1939

The Mongol conquests resulted in all of the following developments EXCEPT

A) a revival of trade on the overland Silk Roads

B) transfers of scientific and technological knowledge

C) the initial diffusion of Buddhism and Christianity to East Asia

D) the spread of pathogens across Eurasia, including the bubonic plague

C) the initial diffusion of Buddhism and Christianity to East Asia

“Khubilai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, helped win Chinese acceptance of foreign rule by giving his dynasty a Chinese name and welcoming several prominent Chinese scholars as advisors; he established his court and the Yuan capital in Dadu (modern Beijing) to keep the symbolic center of rule in China. Western and Central Asians such as Turks, Uighurs, Persians, and Tibetans, however, held high-level positions in the Yuan bureaucracy.

Tensions built between [these] ethnic groups at court and Chinese officials who felt that foreigners cared little about traditional Confucian values. Some Chinese saw Tibetans as arrogantly claiming privileged status for themselves; some criticized Muslim financial advisors for imposing too severe a tax burden on the Chinese people. Nevertheless, the Mongols united China once again, and the Chinese believed that by doing so the Yuan had won the Mandate of Heaven.

One remarkable aspect of the Yuan dynasty was its openness to all religions. Clergy of any tradition were untaxed; and churches, temples, and mosques were left alone as long as they didn’t oppose Mongolian rule.”

Haiwang Yuan, historian, textbook on Chinese history published in the United States, 2010

Which piece of evidence from the passage would best support the argument that the Mongols contributed to the integration of cultures across Eurasia by the end of the thirteenth century?

A) Khubilai Khan established his dynasty’s capital on the site of present-day Beijing.

B) Turks, Uighurs, and Persians served in high-level positions in the Yuan bureaucracy.

C) Some Chinese opposed Mongol rule and the appointment of foreign Yuan officials.

D) Some Chinese opposed having Muslim and Tibetan officials at the Mongol court.

B) Turks, Uighurs, and Persians served in high-level positions in the Yuan bureaucracy.

“Khubilai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, helped win Chinese acceptance of foreign rule by giving his dynasty a Chinese name and welcoming several prominent Chinese scholars as advisors; he established his court and the Yuan capital in Dadu (modern Beijing) to keep the symbolic center of rule in China. Western and Central Asians such as Turks, Uighurs, Persians, and Tibetans, however, held high-level positions in the Yuan bureaucracy.

Tensions built between [these] ethnic groups at court and Chinese officials who felt that foreigners cared little about traditional Confucian values. Some Chinese saw Tibetans as arrogantly claiming privileged status for themselves; some criticized Muslim financial advisors for imposing too severe a tax burden on the Chinese people. Nevertheless, the Mongols united China once again, and the Chinese believed that by doing so the Yuan had won the Mandate of Heaven.

One remarkable aspect of the Yuan dynasty was its openness to all religions. Clergy of any tradition were untaxed; and churches, temples, and mosques were left alone as long as they didn’t oppose Mongolian rule.”

Haiwang Yuan, historian, textbook on Chinese history published in the United States, 2010

The expansion of the Mongol Empire led most directly to the

A) spread of feudal land regulations into East Asia

B) fall of the European Crusader States in Syria and Palestine into Muslim hands

C) collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

D) adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Arab and Turkic states in the Middle East

C) collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

“It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests.”

Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016

The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia?

A) The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies

B) The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate

C) The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

D) The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire

C) The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

“It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests.”

Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016

The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments?

A) The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily.

B) Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.

C) Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty.

D) The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.

B) Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.

“It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests.”

Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016

Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade?

A) The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead.

B) The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

C) The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent.

D) The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.

B) The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, territories under Mongol control benefited from which of the following?

A) Widespread adoption of Confucian family hierarchies

B) Trade that facilitated the spread of Christianity throughout the Indian Ocean region

C) Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together

D) Widespread adoption of Buddhist religious practices

C) Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together

Which of the following statements about the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth century is true?

A) The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful.

B) The number of Buddhists and Muslims in Asia dropped significantly as a result of Mongol persecution.

C) In China the Mongols eliminated the Chinese scholar-official class.

D) The Mongols conquered Constantinople.

E) Ibn Battuta’s writings described in detail life in the court of Genghis Khan.

A) The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful.

CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA

The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon.

The establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitated which of the following?

A) Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China

B) The development of Mongolian as the primary written language of administration across most of Eurasia

C) The spread of Persian culture into Central Asia

D) Improved ship designs and navigation techniques for oceanic commerce

A) Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China

CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA

The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon.

The inclusion of the caravan in the painting’s background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers

A) favored some commercial trading organizations over others

B) portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce

C) shifted the trade in luxury goods from overland to the maritime trade routes

D) restricted trade between nomadic and sedentary societies

B) portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce

Which of the following accurately describes the Mongol Empire’s role in facilitating trans-Eurasian trade?

A) It imposed Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples.

B) It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe.

C) It created a self-contained economic system by banning non-Mongol merchants from its territories.

D) It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols.

B) It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe.

The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent?

A) The Mongol Empire

B) The Russian Empire

C) The Byzantine Empire

D) The Ottoman Empire

A) The Mongol Empire

Which of the following statements is accurate about the Mongols during the 1200s and 1300s?

A) The Mongols suppressed Islamic and Buddhist religious practices.

B) The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions.

C) The Mongols led successful naval invasions of Japan.

D) The Mongols conquered Constantinople.

B) The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions.

Which of the following was the major contributing factor to the spread of the plague to Cairo, Beijing, and Florence in the fourteenth century?

A) Indian Ocean trade routes connecting South Asia to China, Southeast Asia, and Europe

B) Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia

C) The collapse of the Abbasid caliphate

D) African trade routes connecting sub-Saharan Africa with Asia and Europe

B) Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia

Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century?

A) Mesoamericans in the Pacific Ocean

B) Bantu peoples in the Indian Ocean

C) Chinese in the Indian Ocean

D) Russians in the Pacific Ocean

C) Chinese in the Indian Ocean

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia in the period circa 1250–1500 C.E.?

A) The religious zeal of Muslim soldiers willing to die to spread Islam

B) The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries

C) The relative lack of interest in Islam among Hindus and Buddhists

D) Muslim rulers’ policy of toleration of all religions practiced in their realms

B) The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries

Which of the following best explains the continuity in the trade routes between East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and India as shown on the maps?

A) Trade along the routes depended on the activities of Chinese merchants.

B) Trade along the routes relied on sailors’ knowledge of the monsoon winds.

C) Trade along the routes depended on silver from the Americas.

D) Trade along the routes relied on sailors’ knowledge of longitude from classical maps.

B) Trade along the routes relied on sailors’ knowledge of the monsoon winds.

The maritime trade connections involving East Africa shown on Map 1 provided a setting for which of the following developments?

A) The emergence of commercial credit through banks

B) The development of the compass

C) The spread of Islam

D) The appearance of social structures privileging men over women

C) The spread of Islam

The map above demonstrates which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade?

A) Monsoons prevented trade from taking place along the East African coast.

B) Europeans were active in bringing goods from West Africa to the Indian Ocean.

C) Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China.

D) The most important item traded across the Indian Ocean was silk.

E) Arab and Indian traders were better traders than the Chinese.

C) Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China.

“[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India’s southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . .

To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor.

The karim merchants were organized in large family firms with substantial assets and clients in markets all over the trading networks. In the Indian Ocean trade, Muslim traders not only dealt with other Muslims, but also Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews. Traders of various religious backgrounds boarded the same ships or stayed in the same caravanserai. In Egypt, many Jewish traders actually operated their businesses within the framework of Muslim business networks.”

Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007

The “long stays in harbors” mentioned in the description of the sea journeys in the first paragraph were most likely necessary because Indian Ocean maritime trade in the period circa 1200–1450

A) increased significantly in volume, creating bottlenecks in key ports

B) required the approval of Muslim religious authorities to make sure it was carried out in accordance with Islamic principles

C) had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons

D) could only be carried out if ships stayed close to shore through the entire journey from Egypt to India

C) had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons

“[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India’s southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . .

To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor.

The karim merchants were organized in large family firms with substantial assets and clients in markets all over the trading networks. In the Indian Ocean trade, Muslim traders not only dealt with other Muslims, but also Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews. Traders of various religious backgrounds boarded the same ships or stayed in the same caravanserai. In Egypt, many Jewish traders actually operated their businesses within the framework of Muslim business networks.”

Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007

Based on the pattern of trade described in the third paragraph, the Egyptian karim merchants were most likely directly involved in which of the following broader developments in the Indian Ocean in the period circa 1200–1450 ?

A) The establishment of diasporic merchant communities

B) The transfer of European scientific knowledge to South Asia

C) The creation of new monotheistic religions

D) The introduction of new financial innovations such as paper money

A) The establishment of diasporic merchant communities

“[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India’s southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . .

To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor.

The karim merchants were organized in large family firms with substantial assets and clients in markets all over the trading networks. In the Indian Ocean trade, Muslim traders not only dealt with other Muslims, but also Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews. Traders of various religious backgrounds boarded the same ships or stayed in the same caravanserai. In Egypt, many Jewish traders actually operated their businesses within the framework of Muslim business networks.”

Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007

The pattern of trade described in the passage was most characteristic of which of the following types of goods in the period 1200–1450 ?

A) Daily food staples such as bread or milk

B) Bulk commodities such as grain or coal

C) Luxury goods such as spices or porcelain

D) Livestock such as pigs or cattle

C) Luxury goods such as spices or porcelain

Which of the following factors best explains the distribution of Muslim populations shown on the map above?

A) Religious pilgrimages

B) Merchant activity

C) Imperialism

D) Forced migration

B) Merchant activity

“The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife’s father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him.

In 1291, Sulayman’s great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns.

In 1331, Sulayman’s great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy.”

*an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya

A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases.

The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200–1450?

A) The establishment of diasporic merchant communities

B) The establishment of new trading cities

C) The introduction of new cultural traditions

D) The emergence of syncretic belief systems

C) The introduction of new cultural traditions

“The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife’s father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him.

In 1291, Sulayman’s great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns.

In 1331, Sulayman’s great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy.”

*an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya

A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases.

Voyages such as those referred to in the third paragraph were most directly facilitated by which of the following?

A) A decrease in pirate activity following Zheng He’s naval expeditions

B) Merchants’ understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds

C) An increase in the use of new forms of credit, such as paper money

D) Technological transfers from Europe, such as the compass

B) Merchants’ understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds