Revolutionary War and Beyond Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and people from the Revolutionary War, Articles of Confederation, Constitutional Convention, New Republic, War of 1812, Manifest Destiny, Jacksonian Era, and events leading to the Civil War.

Hessians

German soldiers who fought for the British.

The Crisis

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine encouraging American independence.

The World Turned Upside Down

Song played when the British surrendered at the Battle of Yorktown.

Trenton

Battle where Americans attacked on Christmas in a blizzard at night, breaking the rules of war, and won.

Princeton

Battle where Americans, led by GW, tricked the British, led by Cornwallis, by pretending to rest and won.

Long Island

Battle where the British, led by Howe, wanted to rough up Americans, but Knox, Greene, and Washington led the Americans.

Saratoga

The turning point of the revolution, where Americans, led by Gates, beat British, led by Burgoyne, leading to French alliance; sharpshooters were used

Monmouth Courthouse

Battle where Molly Pitcher brought soldiers water; B- Clinton A- Lee. The Americans started the attack on the British, Charles Lee was booted

Valley Forge

A shelter for US soldiers while the British occupied Philadelphia; smallpox broke out, disciplined the army.

Yorktown

French allies trap British, blocking them by water and land, leading to their surrender.

GW

Commander of the Continental Army.

Howe

Commander in chief of the British forces.

John Burgoyne

British general during the Revolutionary War.

Lord Charles Cornwallis

British general during the Revolutionary War.

Nathanael Greene

American general during the Revolutionary War, core 4.

Benedict Arnold

Led sharpshooters, later switched sides.

Baron von Steuben

Disciplined the Continental Army at Valley Forge.

Marquis de Lafayette

French general, core 4.

John Dickinson

Wrote the Articles of Confederation and the Olive Branch Petition.

Edmund Randolph

Proposed the Virginia Plan.

William Patterson

Proposed the New Jersey Plan.

Roger Sherman

Proposed the Connecticut Compromise.

John Jay

Attended the Treaty of Paris

Thomas Jefferson

Attended the Treaty of Paris

Ben Franklin

Attended the Treaty of Paris

John Adams

Attended the Treaty of Paris

Federalists

Believed power in govt is shared, strong govt, 3 branches of govt

Anti-Federalists

Feared the constitution took too much power from the states, wanted legistlative to have more power

Hamilton

Federalist

Madison

Federalist

Sam Adams

Anti-Federalists

Patrick Henry

Anti-Federalists

Citizen Genet

A representative from France who was popular with the people, he asked GW for help in the war.

Embargo

An official ban on trade with a foreign country.

Impressment

The kidnapping of sailors, and then they are drafted into the military.

Sacagawea

Served as a translator and guide along the Lewis and Clarke expedition.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief who's brother was the prophet, tried to execute the plan to ditch white practices, left his brother in charge, died at the battle of the Thames.

Harrison

led 1,000 militia to the town while Tecumseh was away and defeated natives in Tecumseh's Confederacy.

Mudslinging

Making wild charges and lies against candidates.

Zachary Taylor

President who approved the Compromise of 1850.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Under secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, spanish ceded florida to the US

Polk's campaign slogan

"54,40 or fight!"

Gadsden Purchase

It was when mexican land was sold for 10 million dollars, later became New Mexico and Arizona

jed Smith

Greatest hunter, mountain man, created the trail for Oregon trail

Daniel Boone

Boone was a woodsman, hunter, and explorer. He was one of the founders in Kentucky

James Buchanan

The only Pennsylvanian president.

Harriet Tubman

A conductor on the underground railroad.

Sectionalism

the expression of loyalty or support for a certain region in a country.

What does popular sovereignty mean in regard to the slavery issue?

It refers to the idea that the authority to decide on slavery in a territory rests with the people living there, which could lead to conflict if populations are divided.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote the book Uncle Tom's Cabin

Bleeding Kansas

Pro and anti slavery settlers flood into Kansas and try to sway the vote, leading to violence. 200 people killed, 2 million dollars in damage. Kansas later became a free state.

Stephen Douglas

Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois divided the territory of Nebraska into the states of Kansas and Nebraska.

Ulysses S. Grant

the Union commanding officer of the Union Army

Jefferson Davis

the president of the Confederacy

Robert E. Lee

Confederate Army leader, he led the army because he was from Virginia and had to fight for his state

Clara Barton

Founder of the Red Cross

Total War

Total war is when war is not waged only on soldiers, but on civilians and everything that allows them to survive. Sherman waged total war in the South, specifically Georgia.

Reconstruction

Reconstruction was the repair of the south after the war. Problems- Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, and they had to reintegrate millions of enslaved people into the US.

What did the Treaty of Paris say?

Treatment of Loyalists, America is an independent nation, fisherman rights

4 powers given to the national government under the Articles of Confederation

Can declare war, can make peace treaties, can borrow money, can print money.  

4 weaknesses of the Articles

Cant tax, cant enforce laws, no common currency, no court system  

Why does it make sense that the states wanted to limit the power of a national government? What did they fear?

They feared it would turn into a monarchy because of their past experiences with the British.

What was promised, not allowed, and which states were included in the NW Ordinance?

Slavery was not allowed, it promised freedom of religion, education, and the right to trial by jury. States included Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

What caused Shay’s Rebellion? Where did it take place? Where was it? How did the weaknesses in the Articles lead to the rebellion?

Shay's Rebellion was caused by economic hardships, high taxes, and lack of government support for struggling farmers. It took place in Massachusetts, illustrating how the Articles of Confederation's weaknesses made the governments methods ineffective.

Who was at the constitutional convention, when was it, and where?

The Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia in May 1787, attended by delegations from 12 of the 13 states.

Virginia Plan- who proposed it and what did it say?

Edmund Randolph, 3 branches, 2 houses in the legislative branch that would be based on state population and primarily favored by large states.

New Jersey Plan- Who proposed it and how much houses did it call for in the legislative branch?

Proposed by William Patterson calling for 1 house in the legislative branch based on equality.

Other name for Connecticut Compromise

The Great Compromise proposed by Roger Sherman

Explain the Connecticut Compromise

2 houses, senate is equal, house is based on population

What was the 3/5 Compromise? What did the delegates agree to do regarding the banning of slavery? Why?

Every slave would count as 3/5 of a white person towards population and taxes. They agreed nothing will be done until at least 1808 because some northern states had already outlawed slavery and the north wanted Congress to be in control of the slave trade. Northern states wanted a ban on importing slaves but South Carolina and Georgia fear their plantation economies will fail.

Electoral College

number of electors that vote for the president

How many states were needed to ratify the constitution

9 out of 13

What were the Federalist Papers

Essays to counter the Anti- Feds, published in newspapers, addressing peoples fears about not using the Articles of Confederation, promised government would be limited in power and power would be divided among the 3 branches .

First 3 states to ratify

Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania

How many reps are there in the house of reps?

435

Who are your state senators?

John Federman and Dave McCormick

How many justices on the supreme court?

9

Chief justice of the supreme court

John Roberts

How many cabinet positions are there?

15

Who is the governor of PA

Josh Shapiro

Who has the power to declare war?

Congress

What were some of Washington’s precedents

inauguration, state of the union, Farewell address, and capital  

Who was in Washington’s cabinet

Knox, Hamilton, Jefferson, Randolph, and Madison

What did GW choose to do when France declared war on England? What was the compromise made about the location of the capital?

He decided to declare neutrality. He also wanted to assume all state debts, but the south disagreed with Hamilton's economy plan. To make them agree, the south received the capital.  

What caused the Whiskey Rebellion? How did Washington respond?

Whiskey was taxed and farmers were outraged, since it was the main source of their income. They protested by attacking tax collectors, and GW sent out his own militia to stop the rebellion.

What were the differences between a Democratic-Republican and a Federalist?

D- Agriculture, state government, common man runs the government, France, strict interpretation of the constitution. F- Well educated, manufacturing, Central government, Britain, loose interpretation.  

What did GW warn about in his Farewell Address?

He said for the country to stay united; no political parties (it will divide the nation), avoid permanent alliances with foreign countries, and no 3rd term  

What were the Alien Sedition Acts?

Alien- lengthened the time to become a citizen, could jail or deport aliens Sedition- encouraging rebellion against the government is a crime French foreign immigrants were targeted by this, it was part of the Federalist plan because French people typically voted Demo-Reps. It violated the first amendment- freedom of the press.  

What were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?

Written by TJ and Madison, it said that the alien and sedition acts were highly unconstitutional, and the federal government was too powerful. It basically gave the states permission to call out the government for overstepping the boundaries of the constitution.  

What happened in the Election of 1800?

Jefferson and Burr received the same amount of votes, and then the house had to decide.  

the 12th Amendment

revised the process for electing a president and vice president, making the election separate.  

Which constitutional amendment cast separate ballots for president and vice-president?

12th Amendment

Which court case led to judicial review?

Marbury v. Madison

How much did Jefferson pay for the Louisiana Purchase? Why was this purchase controversial?

he payed 15 million dollars. The purchase was controversial because nothing stated in the constitution said that the president had the right to buy land, and TJ believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution. 

What was the XYZ Affair?

Pinckney, Gerry, and Marshall were sent to negotiate a treaty with France when 3 spies, titled X, Y, and Z demanded a bribe for them to be able to negotiate. 

Who was president during the War of 1812? What were the causes?

James Madison was the president. Causes- Impressment continued, Incident with the Chesapeake, Embargo act, Jefferson is still advising Madison, People are moving West.  

What was the Treaty that ended the War of 1812?  

Treaty of Ghent

Which Native Americans did Jackson pursue in the South?

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole  

How did Jackson win the Battle of New Orleans?

He won the battle of New Orleans by positioning strategically so swampland is the only form of escape. He also places his men on a hill so they are able to shoot down and the British have to up-charge.

Trail of Tears

Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, and Seminole were forced to relocate west of the Mississippi river. Many natives died from things like exposure, disease, and violence.