A level quiz 4

Cataphoric reference

where a word refers to a later part of a text for its meaning (e.g. in the following text, the capitalized words refer cataphorically to "Sarah": Although I had not seen HER in years, I recognised my OLD FRIEND Sarah immediately.)

Dialectical structure

a three-part argument, moving from thesis (an initial argument) to antithesis (the

counterargument) and finally to a synthesis that combines the two

Direct speech

the use of the exact words spoken by a speaker/character

Discourse

any spoken or written language that is longer than a single sentence

Discursive

a style in which facts and opinions are put forward and explored in order to develop an argument

Exophoric reference

where a word refers to something outside a text for its meaning, typically as a consequence of a

writer or speaker's expectations as to the knowledge already possessed by the text's intended audience

First person narrative

where a character in a story narrates the events that they are experiencing. Recognised by the

use of "I", "we", "us", "our"

Foregrounding

using grammatical or syntactic devices to draw attention to a particular idea in a text

Form

generally, the specific type of whatever category is being considered (e.g. textual form, verb form, grammatical form). Used on its own, "form" often refers to textual form. The division of texts into specific

forms (e.g. speech, dialogue, poem, novel, website) involves categorising texts according to how

their structural elements combine to create a unified and recognisable whole.

Different forms of text can usually be subdivided into genres (e.g. persuasive speech, romantic

novel, cooperative dialogue), depending on their content.

Formality

the extent to which spoken or written texts either conform to standard conventions or employ more personal language strategies

Genre

a subdivision of textual form determined by the text's content (e.g. fantasy novel, tragic play ballad, online review, television commercial, formal report)

Implicature

a meaning that is suggested by an utterance, rather than being explicitly stated or directly entailed by the words used

In medias res

beginning a narrative in the middle of the events without any build-up or initial explanation

Inference

the act of deducing implied meanings

Intertextuality

where a text produces additional meaning by referring in some way to another text

Irony

when the intended meaning of a text or utterance differs radically from its literal interpretation

Narrative structure

the way in which a story is constructed

Omniscient narrator

where the narrator in a story knows all the thoughts, actions and feelings of the characters

Perspective

point of view

Prose

ordinary language, without a rhyming pattern or rhythmic structure

Protagonist

the main character in a literary work

Purpose

a writer or speaker's main aim when producing a text

Register

the variety of language used in a particular situation, particularly with regard to levels of formality

Second person narrative

when the reader is addressed directly, typically through the use of "you", "your", "yours", etc

Simile

a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two different things which have one point of likeness, usually using the words "like" or "as" (e.g. "she was as fast as lightning")